{"abstract":"In this document, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing National Primary Drinking Water Regulations that require the use of treatment techniques, along with monitoring, reporting, and public notification requirements, for all public water systems (PWSs) that use surface water sources. The purposes of the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) are to improve control of microbial pathogens, including specifically the protozoan Cryptosporidium, in drinking water and to address risk-risk trade-offs with the control of disinfection byproducts. Key provisions in today's proposed LT2ESWTR include the following: source water monitoring for Cryptosporidium, with reduced monitoring requirements for small systems; additional Cryptosporidium treatment for filtered systems based on source water Cryptosporidium concentrations; inactivation of Cryptosporidium by all unfiltered systems; disinfection profiling and benchmarking to ensure continued levels of microbial protection while PWSs take the necessary steps to comply with new disinfection byproduct standards; covering, treating, or implementing a risk management plan for uncovered finished water storage facilities; and criteria for a number of treatment and management options (i.e., the microbial toolbox) that PWSs may implement to meet additional Cryptosporidium treatment requirements. The LT2ESWTR will build upon the treatment technique requirements of the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule and the Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. EPA believes that implementation of the LT2ESWTR will significantly reduce levels of Cryptosporidium in finished drinking water. This will substantially lower rates of endemic cryptosporidiosis, the illness caused by Cryptosporidium, which can be severe and sometimes fatal in sensitive subpopulations (e.g., AIDS patients, the elderly). In addition, the treatment technique requirements of this proposal are expected to increase the level of protection from exposure to other microbial pathogens (e.g., Giardia lamblia).","action":"Proposed rule.","agencies":[{"raw_name":"ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","id":145,"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/environmental-protection-agency","json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/agencies/145","parent_id":null,"slug":"environmental-protection-agency"}],"body_html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/html/2003/08/11/03-18295.html","cfr_references":[{"chapter":null,"citation_url":null,"part":141,"title":40},{"chapter":null,"citation_url":null,"part":142,"title":40}],"citation":"68 FR 47640","comment_url":null,"comments_close_on":"2003-11-10","correction_of":null,"corrections":[],"dates":"EPA must receive public comment on the proposal by November 10, 2003.","disposition_notes":null,"docket_ids":["FRL-7530-5"],"dockets":[],"document_number":"03-18295","effective_on":null,"end_page":47795,"executive_order_notes":null,"executive_order_number":null,"explanation":null,"full_text_xml_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/xml/2003/08/11/03-18295.xml","html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2003/08/11/03-18295/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations-long-term-2-enhanced-surface-water-treatment-rule","images":{"EP11AU03.008":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/EP11AU03.008/EP11AU03.008_large.png","medium":"https://img.federalregister.gov/EP11AU03.008/EP11AU03.008_medium.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/EP11AU03.008/EP11AU03.008_original_size.png"}},"images_metadata":{"EP11AU03.008":{"large":{"identifier":"EP11AU03.008","content_type":"image/png","size":31271,"width":822,"sha":"a8503973903d8d4c828690f46e34b647","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/EP11AU03.008/EP11AU03.008_large.png","height":659},"medium":{"identifier":"EP11AU03.008","content_type":"image/png","size":16939,"width":520,"sha":"658772c5093cb40e0324d2d6ca6f8b29","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/EP11AU03.008/EP11AU03.008_medium.png","height":417},"original_size":{"identifier":"EP11AU03.008","content_type":"image/png","size":26206,"width":1966,"sha":"3bfda3c7846485ab0ca5031f31265bb1","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/EP11AU03.008/EP11AU03.008_original_size.png","height":1577}}},"json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/03-18295?publication_date=2003-08-11","mods_url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/FR-2003-08-11/03-18295/mods.xml","not_received_for_publication":null,"page_length":156,"page_views":{"count":1846,"last_updated":"2026-04-05 00:15:04 -0400"},"pdf_url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2003-08-11/pdf/03-18295.pdf","presidential_document_number":null,"proclamation_number":null,"public_inspection_pdf_url":null,"publication_date":"2003-08-11","raw_text_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2003/08/11/03-18295.txt","regulation_id_number_info":{"2040-AD37":{"issue":"200304","html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/regulations/2040-AD37/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations-long-term-2-enhanced-surface-water-treatment-rule","title":"National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule","xml_url":"http://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=200304&RIN=2040-AD37&operation=OPERATION_EXPORT_XML","priority_category":"Economically Significant"}},"regulation_id_numbers":["2040-AD37"],"regulations_dot_gov_info":{},"regulations_dot_gov_url":null,"significant":true,"signing_date":null,"start_page":47640,"subtype":null,"title":"National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule","toc_doc":"Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule","toc_subject":"Water supply:","topics":["Administrative practice and procedure","Chemicals","Environmental protection","Indians-lands","Intergovernmental relations","Radiation protection","Reporting and recordkeeping requirements","Water supply"],"type":"Proposed Rule","volume":68}