{"abstract":"In this action, the Administrator finds that elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere endanger the public health and welfare of current and future generations within the meaning of section 231(a)(2)(A) of the Clean Air Act (CAA, or Act). She makes this finding specifically with respect to the same six well-mixed greenhouse gases--carbon dioxide (CO<INF>2</INF>), methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride-- that together were defined as the air pollution in the 2009 Endangerment Finding under section 202(a) of the CAA and that together constitute the primary cause of the climate change problem. The Administrator also finds that emissions of those six well-mixed greenhouse gases from certain classes of engines used in certain aircraft are contributing to the air pollution--the aggregate group of the same six greenhouse gases--that endangers public health and welfare under CAA section 231(a)(2)(A).","action":"Final rule.","agencies":[{"raw_name":"ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","id":145,"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/environmental-protection-agency","json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/agencies/145","parent_id":null,"slug":"environmental-protection-agency"}],"body_html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/html/2016/08/15/2016-18399.html","cfr_references":[{"chapter":null,"citation_url":null,"part":87,"title":40},{"chapter":null,"citation_url":null,"part":1068,"title":40}],"citation":"81 FR 54422","comment_url":null,"comments_close_on":null,"correction_of":null,"corrections":[],"dates":"These findings are effective on September 14, 2016.","disposition_notes":null,"docket_ids":["EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828","FRL-9950-15-OAR"],"dockets":[],"document_number":"2016-18399","effective_on":"2016-09-14","end_page":54475,"executive_order_notes":null,"executive_order_number":null,"full_text_xml_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/xml/2016/08/15/2016-18399.xml","html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/08/15/2016-18399/finding-that-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-aircraft-cause-or-contribute-to-air-pollution-that-may","images":{"ER15AU16.000":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER15AU16.000/ER15AU16.000_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER15AU16.000/ER15AU16.000_original_size.png"},"ER15AU16.001":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER15AU16.001/ER15AU16.001_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER15AU16.001/ER15AU16.001_original_size.png"}},"images_metadata":{"ER15AU16.000":{"large":{"identifier":"ER15AU16.000","content_type":"image/png","size":47950,"width":823,"sha":"f791c7f7d2ac839d34cf7c5a2cfd7a98","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER15AU16.000/ER15AU16.000_large.png","height":1080},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER15AU16.000","content_type":"image/png","size":84020,"width":3788,"sha":"7043f8f1f2e37d8b6cbe54af1fe86663","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER15AU16.000/ER15AU16.000_original_size.png","height":4971}},"ER15AU16.001":{"large":{"identifier":"ER15AU16.001","content_type":"image/png","size":49248,"width":822,"sha":"0da142eb06f598112c6289671e5329ff","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER15AU16.001/ER15AU16.001_large.png","height":1103},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER15AU16.001","content_type":"image/png","size":86810,"width":3788,"sha":"f86b2aa323186498f92fd1d1dda561e6","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER15AU16.001/ER15AU16.001_original_size.png","height":5086}}},"json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/2016-18399?publication_date=2016-08-15","mods_url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/FR-2016-08-15/2016-18399/mods.xml","not_received_for_publication":null,"page_length":54,"page_views":{"count":2897,"last_updated":"2026-10-24 18:15:05 -0400"},"pdf_url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2016-08-15/pdf/2016-18399.pdf","presidential_document_number":null,"proclamation_number":null,"public_inspection_pdf_url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2016-18399.pdf?1471005929","publication_date":"2016-08-15","raw_text_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2016/08/15/2016-18399.txt","regulation_id_number_info":{"2060-AS31":{"issue":"201604","html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/regulations/2060-AS31/finding-that-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-aircraft-cause-or-contribute-to-air-pollution-that-may-re","title":"Finding That Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aircraft Cause or Contribute to Air Pollution That may Reasonably be Anticipated to Endanger Public Health and Welfare Under the CAA Section 231","xml_url":"http://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=201604&RIN=2060-AS31&operation=OPERATION_EXPORT_XML","priority_category":"Other Significant"}},"regulation_id_numbers":["2060-AS31"],"regulations_dot_gov_info":{"supporting_documents":[{"title":"Part of EO 12866 Review: Emails regarding conclusion in ROCIS of review of EPA Aircraft GHG Endangerment and Contribution Findings FRM (2060-AS31)","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828-1024"},{"title":"Finding That Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aircraft Cause or\nContribute to Air Pollution That May Reasonably Be Anticipated to Endanger Public Health and Welfare,  Response to Comments,\nEPA-420-R-16-005, July 2016","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828-1018"},{"title":"Boucher, 2011: Atmospheric science: Seeing Through Contrails. Nature Climate Change, 1, 24-25. doi:10.1038/nclimate1078.","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828-1008"},{"title":"Fuel Efficiency of Commercial Aircraft:  An overview of historical and future trends by the National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, The Netherlands","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828-1004"},{"title":"Part of EO12866 Review: Emails about scheduling three interagency calls to discuss comments on EPA Aircraft GHG Endangerment and Contribution Findings FRM (2060-AS31)","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828-0999"},{"title":"Part of EO12866 Review: Email and original file initiating EO12866 review on EPA Aircraft GHG Endangerment and Contribution Findings FRM (2060-AS31)","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828-0991"},{"title":"Science Advisory Board April 28, 2015 Memo re:  Preparations for Chartered Science Advisory Board (SAB) Discussions of EPA Planned Agency Actions and their Supporting Science in the Fall 2014 Regulatory Agenda","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828-0984"},{"title":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992:  Article 4(1)(a) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828-0982"},{"title":"U.S. EPA, 2003:  A Summary of General Assessment Factors for Evaluating the Quality of Scientific and Technical Information","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828-0979"},{"title":"U.S. EPA, 2006:  Memorandum on Peer review and Peer Involvement at the U.S. EPA.","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828-0978"}],"regulatory_plan":{"html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/regulations/2060-AS31/finding-that-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-aircraft-cause-or-contribute-to-air-pollution-that-may-re","title":"Finding That Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aircraft Cause or Contribute to Air Pollution That may Reasonably be Anticipated to Endanger Public Health and Welfare Under the CAA Section 231"},"comments_url":"https://www.regulations.gov/docketBrowser?rpp=50&so=DESC&sb=postedDate&po=0&dct=PS&D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828","supporting_documents_count":224,"docket_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0828","regulation_id_number":"2060-AS31","title":"Proposed Findings for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aircraft and Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking","checked_regulationsdotgov_at":"2016-09-04T06:00:13Z"},"regulations_dot_gov_url":null,"significant":true,"signing_date":null,"start_page":54422,"subtype":null,"title":"Finding That Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aircraft Cause or Contribute to Air Pollution That May Reasonably Be Anticipated To Endanger Public Health and Welfare","toc_doc":"Finding that Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aircraft Cause or Contribute to Air Pollution that May Reasonably Be Anticipated to Endanger Public Health and Welfare","toc_subject":null,"topics":["Administrative practice and procedure","Air pollution control","Aircraft","Confidential business information","Environmental protection","Imports","Motor vehicle pollution","Penalties","Reporting and recordkeeping requirements","Warranties"],"type":"Rule","volume":81}