{"abstract":"Based on the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) review of the air quality criteria and the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for lead (Pb), the EPA is retaining the current standards, without revision.","action":"Final rule.","agencies":[{"raw_name":"ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","id":145,"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/environmental-protection-agency","json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/agencies/145","parent_id":null,"slug":"environmental-protection-agency"}],"body_html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/html/2016/10/18/2016-23153.html","cfr_references":[{"chapter":null,"citation_url":null,"part":50,"title":40}],"citation":"81 FR 71906","comment_url":null,"comments_close_on":null,"correction_of":null,"corrections":[],"dates":"This final rule is effective on November 17, 2016.","disposition_notes":null,"docket_ids":["EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108","FRL-9952-87-OAR"],"dockets":[],"document_number":"2016-23153","effective_on":"2016-11-17","end_page":71943,"executive_order_notes":null,"executive_order_number":null,"full_text_xml_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/xml/2016/10/18/2016-23153.xml","html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/10/18/2016-23153/review-of-the-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-for-lead","images":{},"images_metadata":{},"json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/2016-23153?publication_date=2016-10-18","mods_url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/FR-2016-10-18/2016-23153/mods.xml","not_received_for_publication":null,"page_length":38,"page_views":{"count":1304,"last_updated":"2026-10-22 16:15:06 -0400"},"pdf_url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2016-10-18/pdf/2016-23153.pdf","presidential_document_number":null,"proclamation_number":null,"public_inspection_pdf_url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2016-23153.pdf?1476708326","publication_date":"2016-10-18","raw_text_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2016/10/18/2016-23153.txt","regulation_id_number_info":{"2060-AQ44":{"issue":"201604","html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/regulations/2060-AQ44/review-of-the-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-for-lead","title":"Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead","xml_url":"http://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=201604&RIN=2060-AQ44&operation=OPERATION_EXPORT_XML","priority_category":"Substantive, Nonsignificant"}},"regulation_id_numbers":["2060-AQ44"],"regulations_dot_gov_info":{"supporting_documents":[{"title":"Bellinger, D.; Leviton, A.; Waternaux, C.; Needleman, H.; Rabinowitz, M. (1989). Low-level lead exposure, social class, and infant development. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 10: 497-503.","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108-0205"},{"title":"Kirrane, E. 2016. Memorandum to Lead NAAQS Review Docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108). Provisional Consideration of \"New\" Studies Cited by Commenters. Jun 28, 2016.","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108-0204"},{"title":"Xie, X.; Ding, G.; Cui, C.; Chen, L.; Gao, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Shi, R.; Tian, Y. (2013). The effects of low-level prenatal lead exposure on birth outcomes. Environ Pollution 175:30-34.","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108-0203"},{"title":"Nishioka E, Yokoyama K, Matsukawa T, Vigeh M, Hirayama S, Ueno T, Miida T, Makino Sh, Takeda S. (2014). Evidence that birth weight is decreased by maternal lead levels below 5?g/dl in male newborns. Reproductive Toxicol 47:21-26","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108-0200"},{"title":"Jakubowski, M. (2011). Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Intellectual Impairment in Children – The Current Concepts of Risk Assessment. Int. J Occup Med Environ Health. 24(1): 1-7","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108-0198"},{"title":"USEPA (2007) Lead: Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessments for Selected Case Studies, Volume 1. Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessments - Full-Scale and Volume II. Appendices [EPA-452/R-07-014a] and [EPA-452/R-07-014b]","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108-0159"},{"title":"Yi et al. (2006) Atmospheric Dry Deposition of Trace Elements Measured Around the urban and industrially Impacted NY-NJ harbor Atmos Env 40: 6626-6637","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108-0136"},{"title":"Vucetich et al. (2009) Mercury, Lead and Lead Isotope Ratios in The Teeth of Moose (Alces alces) from Isle Royale, U.S. Upper Midwest, from 1952 to 2002. J Envir Monit","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108-0131"},{"title":"USEPA (2011) Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles: Evaluation of the Design and Implementation of the Lead Campaign Final Report [EPA-100-R-11-008] December 2011","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108-0129"},{"title":"Mannino et al (2003) Second-hand smoke exposure and blood lead levels in U.S. children. Epidem 14(6): 719-727","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108-0123"}],"comments_url":"https://www.regulations.gov/docketBrowser?rpp=50&so=DESC&sb=postedDate&po=0&dct=PS&D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108","supporting_documents_count":175,"docket_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0108","regulation_id_number":null,"title":"Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead\r\n","checked_regulationsdotgov_at":"2016-11-07T06:00:24Z"},"regulations_dot_gov_url":null,"significant":false,"signing_date":null,"start_page":71906,"subtype":null,"title":"Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead","toc_doc":"National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead; Review","toc_subject":null,"topics":["Air pollution control","Carbon monoxide","Environmental protection","Lead","Nitrogen dioxide","Ozone","Particulate matter","Sulfur oxides"],"type":"Rule","volume":81}