{"abstract":"The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is adopting greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards applicable to certain classes of engines used by certain civil subsonic jet airplanes with a maximum takeoff mass greater than 5,700 kilograms and by certain civil larger subsonic propeller-driven airplanes with turboprop engines having a maximum takeoff mass greater than 8,618 kilograms. These standards are equivalent to the airplane carbon dioxide (CO<INF>2)</INF> standards adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 2017 and apply to both new type design airplanes and in-production airplanes. The standards in this rule reflect U.S. efforts to secure the highest practicable degree of international uniformity in aviation regulations and standards. The standards also meet the EPA's obligation under section 231 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) to adopt GHG standards for certain classes of airplanes as a result of the 2016 \"Finding That Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aircraft Cause or Contribute to Air Pollution That May Reasonably Be Anticipated To Endanger Public Health and Welfare\" (hereinafter \"2016 Findings\")--for six well-mixed GHGs emitted by certain classes of airplane engines. Airplane engines emit only two of the six well-mixed GHGs, CO<INF>2</INF> and nitrous oxide (N<INF>2</INF>O). Accordingly, EPA is adopting the fuel-efficiency- based metric established by ICAO, which will control both the GHGs emitted by airplane engines, CO<INF>2</INF> and N<INF>2</INF>O.","action":"Final rule.","agencies":[{"raw_name":"ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","id":145,"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/environmental-protection-agency","json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/agencies/145","parent_id":null,"slug":"environmental-protection-agency"}],"body_html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/html/2021/01/11/2020-28882.html","cfr_references":[{"chapter":null,"citation_url":null,"part":"87","title":40},{"chapter":null,"citation_url":null,"part":"1030","title":40}],"citation":"86 FR 2136","comment_url":null,"comments_close_on":null,"correction_of":null,"corrections":["https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/C1-2020-28882"],"dates":"This final rule is effective on January 11, 2021. The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in this regulation is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of January 11, 2021.","disposition_notes":null,"docket_ids":["EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276","FRL-10018-45-OAR"],"dockets":[],"document_number":"2020-28882","effective_on":"2021-01-11","end_page":2174,"executive_order_notes":null,"executive_order_number":null,"full_text_xml_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/xml/2021/01/11/2020-28882.xml","html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/11/2020-28882/control-of-air-pollution-from-airplanes-and-airplane-engines-ghg-emission-standards-and-test","images":{"ER11JA21.011":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.011/ER11JA21.011_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.011/ER11JA21.011_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.010":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.010/ER11JA21.010_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.010/ER11JA21.010_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.002":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.002/ER11JA21.002_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.002/ER11JA21.002_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.013":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.013/ER11JA21.013_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.013/ER11JA21.013_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.001":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.001/ER11JA21.001_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.001/ER11JA21.001_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.012":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.012/ER11JA21.012_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.012/ER11JA21.012_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.004":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.004/ER11JA21.004_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.004/ER11JA21.004_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.015":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.015/ER11JA21.015_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.015/ER11JA21.015_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.003":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.003/ER11JA21.003_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.003/ER11JA21.003_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.014":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.014/ER11JA21.014_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.014/ER11JA21.014_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.006":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.006/ER11JA21.006_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.006/ER11JA21.006_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.017":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.017/ER11JA21.017_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.017/ER11JA21.017_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.005":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.005/ER11JA21.005_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.005/ER11JA21.005_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.016":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.016/ER11JA21.016_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.016/ER11JA21.016_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.008":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.008/ER11JA21.008_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.008/ER11JA21.008_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.007":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.007/ER11JA21.007_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.007/ER11JA21.007_original_size.png"},"ER11JA21.009":{"large":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.009/ER11JA21.009_large.png","original_size":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.009/ER11JA21.009_original_size.png"}},"images_metadata":{"ER11JA21.011":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.011","content_type":"image/png","size":43658,"width":823,"sha":"0fcb060d6354e9852b7e4c10ebbf2f65","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.011/ER11JA21.011_large.png","height":633},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.011","content_type":"image/png","size":74829,"width":3579,"sha":"d10036bcb146095782fe542176a14286","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.011/ER11JA21.011_original_size.png","height":2753}},"ER11JA21.010":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.010","content_type":"image/png","size":42013,"width":823,"sha":"6ea34834d8a1f0c8bec11a0eedb5c240","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.010/ER11JA21.010_large.png","height":645},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.010","content_type":"image/png","size":67416,"width":3509,"sha":"4de9eadb3203360b022d633bc863af87","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.010/ER11JA21.010_original_size.png","height":2751}},"ER11JA21.002":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.002","content_type":"image/png","size":8251,"width":823,"sha":"123834ee19f99ba31467b87c9fd6afbb","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.002/ER11JA21.002_large.png","height":93},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.002","content_type":"image/png","size":14105,"width":3513,"sha":"ddfe604215c683d75565b80cbeb93e11","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.002/ER11JA21.002_original_size.png","height":399}},"ER11JA21.013":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.013","content_type":"image/png","size":32878,"width":823,"sha":"c38926a5a76af2db835af313d950715f","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.013/ER11JA21.013_large.png","height":496},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.013","content_type":"image/png","size":86810,"width":3691,"sha":"28fa29a8e304faa10df1f5adddcf63ec","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.013/ER11JA21.013_original_size.png","height":2224}},"ER11JA21.001":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.001","content_type":"image/png","size":8796,"width":787,"sha":"ae34fc01eecb6591b9b2541b5ebd6751","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.001/ER11JA21.001_large.png","height":143},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.001","content_type":"image/png","size":10873,"width":2806,"sha":"aae21559093845d6c45514e10644c863","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.001/ER11JA21.001_original_size.png","height":510}},"ER11JA21.012":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.012","content_type":"image/png","size":58327,"width":822,"sha":"5aa3b26fadd701bd178794a8d2390e97","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.012/ER11JA21.012_large.png","height":573},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.012","content_type":"image/png","size":113226,"width":3899,"sha":"ecade279588454353bd35f70c2fd39d5","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.012/ER11JA21.012_original_size.png","height":2717}},"ER11JA21.004":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.004","content_type":"image/png","size":8029,"width":822,"sha":"50c0c865a5fcbb4345b50ca84a4ce072","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.004/ER11JA21.004_large.png","height":96},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.004","content_type":"image/png","size":13826,"width":3520,"sha":"cd45295a3889f85e58d35237c1984d3b","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.004/ER11JA21.004_original_size.png","height":411}},"ER11JA21.015":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.015","content_type":"image/png","size":52693,"width":822,"sha":"c60400393a3e610463a8ec3a0f8fea85","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.015/ER11JA21.015_large.png","height":645},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.015","content_type":"image/png","size":96396,"width":3541,"sha":"ad821c77f2d10c855b74447625423be7","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.015/ER11JA21.015_original_size.png","height":2778}},"ER11JA21.003":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.003","content_type":"image/png","size":5892,"width":820,"sha":"ab3bdec53ab39e6e036ea313c0f18aec","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.003/ER11JA21.003_large.png","height":63},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.003","content_type":"image/png","size":10557,"width":3475,"sha":"5c29bc182c05332daf8305469aad9e68","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.003/ER11JA21.003_original_size.png","height":267}},"ER11JA21.014":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.014","content_type":"image/png","size":51431,"width":823,"sha":"5058e5057f3ca330638661152afe5759","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.014/ER11JA21.014_large.png","height":605},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.014","content_type":"image/png","size":97281,"width":3649,"sha":"0891b528c3e18dbb2727e28d3f76375f","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.014/ER11JA21.014_original_size.png","height":2684}},"ER11JA21.006":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.006","content_type":"image/png","size":43696,"width":822,"sha":"bd1f6dd7b87e69246dead90debc5afe3","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.006/ER11JA21.006_large.png","height":635},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.006","content_type":"image/png","size":73885,"width":3563,"sha":"5184a9878dff23e4abd83f52889c0417","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.006/ER11JA21.006_original_size.png","height":2753}},"ER11JA21.017":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.017","content_type":"image/png","size":4409,"width":530,"sha":"5fd126851d517dc3b0935e0326b8d123","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.017/ER11JA21.017_large.png","height":91},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.017","content_type":"image/png","size":5630,"width":1881,"sha":"fef3cd214f325475ec1bf45bf3bdb408","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.017/ER11JA21.017_original_size.png","height":322}},"ER11JA21.005":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.005","content_type":"image/png","size":43353,"width":822,"sha":"312a06941108a65c8c31c24cc011c87b","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.005/ER11JA21.005_large.png","height":645},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.005","content_type":"image/png","size":67582,"width":3509,"sha":"52823a4383778b8e216ab0af8690a4fe","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.005/ER11JA21.005_original_size.png","height":2753}},"ER11JA21.016":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.016","content_type":"image/png","size":32871,"width":823,"sha":"15f21553287820de9c5693d3a7cdc739","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.016/ER11JA21.016_large.png","height":861},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.016","content_type":"image/png","size":44410,"width":3495,"sha":"57f8e293786656990974d6b98a74a730","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.016/ER11JA21.016_original_size.png","height":3657}},"ER11JA21.008":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.008","content_type":"image/png","size":5907,"width":822,"sha":"7ffe026ef1f13fe1791e5eb28504509e","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.008/ER11JA21.008_large.png","height":59},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.008","content_type":"image/png","size":10263,"width":3637,"sha":"184efde32f95b9427425301f5adea8f5","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.008/ER11JA21.008_original_size.png","height":261}},"ER11JA21.007":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.007","content_type":"image/png","size":8617,"width":823,"sha":"867039f384237c0e73da9bbed25ca5fb","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.007/ER11JA21.007_large.png","height":94},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.007","content_type":"image/png","size":15907,"width":3676,"sha":"a135312576aecc37b1a607482762173f","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.007/ER11JA21.007_original_size.png","height":422}},"ER11JA21.009":{"large":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.009","content_type":"image/png","size":8458,"width":823,"sha":"61286b031d710590f4d8eb65fc810ec0","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.009/ER11JA21.009_large.png","height":99},"original_size":{"identifier":"ER11JA21.009","content_type":"image/png","size":13511,"width":3460,"sha":"b75d097088f95ee391e27c78ebdc2e58","url":"https://img.federalregister.gov/ER11JA21.009/ER11JA21.009_original_size.png","height":415}}},"json_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/2020-28882?publication_date=2021-01-11","mods_url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/FR-2021-01-11/2020-28882/mods.xml","not_received_for_publication":null,"page_length":39,"page_views":{"count":2439,"last_updated":"2026-10-23 14:15:06 -0400"},"pdf_url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-01-11/pdf/2020-28882.pdf","presidential_document_number":null,"proclamation_number":null,"public_inspection_pdf_url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2020-28882.pdf?1610113522","publication_date":"2021-01-11","raw_text_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2021/01/11/2020-28882.txt","regulation_id_number_info":{"2060-AT26":{"issue":"202010","html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/regulations/2060-AT26/control-of-air-pollution-from-aircraft-and-aircraft-engines-proposed-greenhouse-gas-ghg-emissions-st","title":"Control of Air Pollution From Aircraft and Aircraft Engines: Proposed Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Standards and Test Procedures","xml_url":"http://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=202010&RIN=2060-AT26&operation=OPERATION_EXPORT_XML","priority_category":"Other Significant"}},"regulation_id_numbers":["2060-AT26"],"regulations_dot_gov_info":{"supporting_documents":[{"title":"Airplane Greenhouse Gas Standards Technical Support Document (TSD), December 2020, EPA-420-R-20-028","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0227"},{"title":"Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), Tracking Aviation Efficiency, How Is The Aviation Sector Performing In Its Drive To Improve Fuel Eficiency, In Line With Its Short-term Goal?, Fact Sheet #3/January 2020","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0218"},{"title":"ICAO,  Independent Expert Integrated Technology Goals Assessment And Review For Engines And Aircraft Report, Doc 10127, 2019","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0215"},{"title":"ICAO, Annex 16, Volume II, Aircraft Engine Emissions, Fourth Edition - July 2017, Amendment 10, July 20, 2020","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0206"},{"title":"Transcript of September 17, 2020 Public Hearing","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0141"},{"title":"What Does The Term Fly-By-Wire Mean - Airline Ratings 2017","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0073"},{"title":"ICAO, Member States, English 13/4/19","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0068"},{"title":"ICAO, DOC 9889, Airport Air Quality Manual, First Edition 2011","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0065"},{"title":"The Marginal Damage Costs of Different Greenhouse Gases: An Application of FUND, October 14, 2011","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0059"},{"title":"ICAO, Long Term Traffic Forecasts Passenger and Cargo July-2016","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0054"}],"regulatory_plan":{"html_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/regulations/2060-AT26/control-of-air-pollution-from-aircraft-and-aircraft-engines-proposed-greenhouse-gas-ghg-emissions-st","title":"Control of Air Pollution From Aircraft and Aircraft Engines: Proposed Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Standards and Test Procedures"},"comments_count":0,"agency_id":"EPA","comments_url":"https://www.regulations.gov/docketBrowser?rpp=50&so=DESC&sb=postedDate&po=0&dct=PS&D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276","supporting_documents_count":102,"docket_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276","document_id":"EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-0276-0205","regulation_id_number":"2060-AT26","title":"Control of Air Pollution From Aircraft and Aircraft Engines: Proposed GHG Emissions Standards and Test Procedures","checked_regulationsdotgov_at":"2021-01-13T04:30:12Z"},"regulations_dot_gov_url":null,"significant":true,"signing_date":null,"start_page":2136,"subtype":null,"title":"Control of Air Pollution From Airplanes and Airplane Engines: GHG Emission Standards and Test Procedures","toc_doc":"GHG Emission Standards and Test Procedures","toc_subject":"Control of Air Pollution From Airplanes and Airplane Engines:\n","topics":["Air pollution control","Aircraft","Environmental protection","Greenhouse gases","Incorporation by reference"],"type":"Rule","volume":86}