SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has commissioned the Evidence-based Practice Centers (EPC) Program to complete a review of the evidence for Nonopioid Pharmacologic Treatments for Chronic Pain. AHRQ is conducting this systematic review pursuant to Section 902(a) of the Public Health Service Act, 42 U.S.C. 299a(a).

The EPC Program is dedicated to identifying as many studies as possible that are relevant to the questions for each of its reviews. In order to do so, we are supplementing the usual manual and electronic database searches of the literature by requesting information from the public ( e.g., details of studies conducted). We are looking for studies that report on Nonopioid Pharmacologic Treatments for Chronic Pain, including those that describe adverse events. The entire research protocol is available online at: https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/​topics/​nonopioid-chronic-pain/​protocol.

This is to notify the public that the EPC Program would find the following information on Nonopioid Pharmacologic Treatments for Chronic Pain helpful:

A list of completed studies that your organization has sponsored for this indication. In the list, please indicate whether results are available on ClinicalTrials.gov along with the ClinicalTrials.gov trial number.

For completed studies that do not have results on ClinicalTrials.gov, please provide a summary, including the following elements: Study number, study period, design, methodology, indication and diagnosis, proper use instructions, inclusion and exclusion criteria, primary and secondary outcomes, baseline characteristics, number of patients screened/eligible/enrolled/lost to follow-up/withdrawn/analyzed, effectiveness/efficacy, and safety results.

A list of ongoing studies that your organization has sponsored for this indication. In the list, please provide the ClinicalTrials.gov trial number or, if the trial is not registered, the protocol for the study including a study number, the study period, design, methodology, indication and diagnosis, proper use instructions, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and primary and secondary outcomes. ( printed page 10077)

Description of whether the above studies constitute ALL Phase II and above clinical trials sponsored by your organization for this indication and an index outlining the relevant information in each submitted file.

Your contribution will be very beneficial to the EPC Program. Materials submitted must be publicly available or able to be made public. Materials that are considered confidential; marketing materials; study types not included in the review; or information on indications not included in the review cannot be used by the EPC Program. This is a voluntary request for information, and all costs for complying with this request must be borne by the submitter.

The draft of this review will be posted on AHRQ's EPC Program website and available for public comment for a period of 4 weeks. If you would like to be notified when the draft is posted, please sign up for the email list at: https://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/​email-updates.

The systematic review will answer the following questions. This information is provided as background. AHRQ is not requesting that the public provide answers to these questions.

The Key Questions

Key Question 1. Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness

a. In patients with chronic pain, what is the effectiveness of nonopioid pharmacologic agents versus placebo for outcomes related to pain, function, and quality of life, after short-term treatment duration (3 to 6 months), intermediate-term treatment duration (6 to 12 months), and long-term treatment duration (≥12 months)?

b. In patients with chronic pain, what is the comparative effectiveness of nonopioid pharmacologic agents compared to other nonopioid pharmacologic agents for outcomes related to pain, function, and quality of life, after short-term treatment duration (3 to 6 months), intermediate-term treatment duration (6 to 12 months), and long-term treatment duration (≥12 months)?

c. How does effectiveness or comparative effectiveness vary depending on: (1) The specific type or cause of pain, (2) patient demographics, (3) patient comorbidities, (4) the dose of medication used, (5) the duration of treatment, and (6) dose titration, including tapering.

Key Question 2. Harms and Adverse Events

a. In patients with chronic pain, what are the risks of nonopioid pharmacologic agents for harms including overdose, misuse, dependence, withdrawals due to adverse events, and serious adverse events (including falls, fractures, motor vehicle accidents), and specific adverse events, according to drug class?

b. How do harms vary depending on: (1) The specific type or cause of pain, (2) patient demographics, (3) patient comorbidities, (4) the dose of medication used, (5) the duration of treatment, and (6) dose titration, including tapering.

PICOTS (Populations, Interventions, Comparators, Outcomes, Timing, Settings) Population(s):

• For all Key Questions (KQs): Adults (age ≥18 years) with various types of chronic pain (defined as pain lasting >3 months), including patients with acute exacerbations of chronic pain, pregnant/breastfeeding women, and patients with opioid use disorder
• For KQs 1c, 2b: Subgroups of the above patient populations as defined by specific pain condition (neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia, inflammatory arthritis, and chronic headache), patient demographics ( e.g., age, race, ethnicity, and sex), comorbidities and degree of nociplasticity/central sensitization.

Interventions:

• Oral pharmacologic agents: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, muscle relaxants (including benzodiazepines), antidepressants, and anticonvulsants
• Topical pharmacologic agents: diclofenac, capsaicin, and lidocaine
• Medical cannabis (any formulation)

Comparators:

• For KQ 1a/c and KQ2: Placebo (effectiveness)
• For KQ 1b/c and KQ2: Another included nonopioid pharmacologic agent, different doses, or treatment durations (comparative effectiveness)

Outcomes:

• KQ 1: Pain (intensity, severity, bothersomeness), function (physical disability, activity limitations, activity interference, work function), and quality of life (including depression)

o Only validated scales for assessments of pain, function, and quality of life

• KQ 2: For all drug classes: Overdose, misuse, dependence, withdrawals due to adverse events, and serious adverse events. Specific adverse events for each drug class, such as gastrointestinal events, cardiovascular events, and liver or kidney-related harms for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; weight gain, sedation, and cognitive effects for gabapentin and pregabalin, etc.

Timing:

• Short-term treatment duration (3 to 6 months), intermediate-term treatment duration (6 to 12 months), and long-term treatment duration (≥12 months)
• We will assess available literature to ensure that adequate evidence exists from studies of ≥3 months' treatment duration. If adequate evidence is not available for this shorter-duration, we will consider adding shorter-duration studies. If high-quality systematic reviews are available covering the scope of the review for shorter duration studies, we will summarize these in this case

Settings:

Outpatient settings (e.g., primary care, pain clinics, other specialty clinics)