Securities and Exchange Commission.
Proposed rule.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC” or “Commission”) proposes to amend Rule 17Ad–22 and add Rule 17Ab2–2 pursuant to Section 17A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) and the Payment, Clearing, and Settlement Supervision Act of 2010 (“Clearing Supervision Act”), adopted in Title VIII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”). Among other things, the proposed rules would establish standards for the operation and governance of certain types of registered clearing agencies that meet the definition of a “covered clearing agency.”
Submit comments on or before May 27, 2014.
Comments may be submitted by any of the following methods:
• Use the Commission's Internet comment form (
• Send an email to
• Use the Federal eRulemaking Portal (
• Send paper comments to Kevin M. O'Neill, Deputy Secretary, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 20549–1090. All submissions should refer to File Number S7–03–14.
To help us process and review your comments more efficiently, please use only one method. The Commission will post all comments on the Commission's Internet Web site (
Comments are also available for Web site viewing and printing in the Commission's Public Reference Room, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 20549 on official business days between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. All comments received will be posted without change; the Commission does not edit personal identifying information from submissions. You should submit only information that you wish to make available publicly.
Katherine Martin, Senior Special Counsel; Stephanie Park, Special Counsel; Mark Saltzburg, Special Counsel; Matthew Lee, Attorney-Adviser; and Abraham Jacob, Attorney-Adviser; Office of Clearance and Settlement, Division of Trading and Markets, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 20549–7010, at (202) 551–5710.
The Commission proposes to amend Rule 17Ad–22 to add new Rule 17Ad–22(e) to establish requirements for risk management, operations, and governance of registered clearing agencies that meet the definition of a “covered clearing agency.” Covered clearing agencies would include registered clearing agencies that (i) have been designated as systemically important by the Financial Stability Oversight Council (“FSOC”) and for which the Commission is the supervisory agency, pursuant to the Clearing Supervision Act (“designated clearing agencies”), (ii) provide central counterparty (“CCP”) services for security-based swaps or are involved in activities the Commission determines to have a more complex risk profile, where in either case the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) is not the supervisory agency for such clearing agency as defined in Section 803(8) of the Clearing Supervision Act, or (iii) are otherwise determined to be covered clearing agencies by the Commission. The Commission also proposes to add new Rule 17Ad–22(f) to codify the Commission's statutory authority and new Rule 17Ab2–2 to establish procedures for making determinations regarding covered clearing agencies under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e). The Commission also proposes to amend existing Rule 17Ad–22(d) to limit its application to clearing agencies other than covered clearing agencies and to revise existing Rule 17Ad–22(a) to add 15 new definitions. The Commission has begun, and intends to continue, consultation with the FSOC and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“the Board”) and has considered the relevant international standards as required by Section 805(a)(2)(A) of the Clearing Supervision Act.
When Congress added Section 17A to the Exchange Act as part of the Securities Acts Amendments of 1975, it directed the Commission to facilitate the establishment of a national system for the prompt and accurate clearance and settlement of securities transactions.
Section 17A of the Exchange Act and Rule 17Ab2–1 require entities to register with the Commission prior to performing the functions of a clearing agency.
The Commission drew on its experience regulating clearing agencies to address recent developments in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives markets. In December 2008, the Commission acted to facilitate the central clearing of credit default swaps (“CDS”) by permitting certain entities that performed CCP services to clear and settle CDS on a temporary, conditional basis.
On July 21, 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Dodd-Frank Act into law.
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act (“Title VII”) provides the Commission and the CFTC with enhanced authority to regulate certain OTC derivatives in response to the 2008 financial crisis.
The swap and security-based swap markets traditionally have been characterized by privately negotiated transactions entered into by two counterparties, in which each assumes the credit risk of the other counterparty.
Title VII also added new provisions to the Exchange Act that require entities performing the functions of a clearing agency with respect to security-based swaps (“security-based swap clearing agencies”) to register with the Commission and require the Commission to adopt rules with respect to security-based swap clearing agencies.
Title VII further provides that some of the entities that the Commission permitted to clear and settle CDS on a temporary, conditional basis prior to the
The Clearing Supervision Act, adopted in Title VIII of the Dodd-Frank Act (“Title VIII”), provides for enhanced regulation of financial market utilities (“FMUs”), such as clearing agencies that manage or operate a multilateral system for the purpose of transferring, clearing, or settling payments, securities, or other financial transactions among financial institutions or between financial institutions and the FMU.
Section 806(e) of the Clearing Supervision Act requires FMUs designated as systemically important to file 60 days advance notice of changes to its rules, procedures, or operations that could materially affect the nature or level of risk presented by the FMU (“Advance Notice”).
The Clearing Supervision Act also provides for enhanced coordination between the Commission, the Board, and the CFTC by facilitating examinations and information sharing. Under Section 807 of the Clearing Supervision Act, the Commission and the CFTC must consult annually with the Board regarding the scope and methodology of any examination of a designated FMU, and the Board is authorized to participate in any such examination.
Section 805(a) of the Clearing Supervision Act
On July 18, 2012, the FSOC designated as systemically important the following registered clearing agencies: CME, The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (“FICC”), ICE, National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”), and The Options Clearing Corporation (“OCC”).
On October 22, 2012, the Commission adopted Rule 17Ad–22 under the Exchange Act.
In proposing amendments to Rule 17Ad–22, the Commission considered international standards, as required by Section 805(a) of the Clearing Supervision Act, that are relevant to its supervision of covered clearing agencies.
The PFMI Report defines a “financial market infrastructure” (“FMI”) as a multilateral system among participating institutions, including the operator of the system, used for the purposes of clearing, settling, or recording payments, securities, derivatives, or other financial transactions.
The PFMI Report presumes that all CSDs, SSSs, CCPs, and TRs are systemically important in their home jurisdiction.
The Commission notes that the PFMI Report's definition of “financial market infrastructure” is consistent with the Commission's prior use of the term.
The Board applies these standards in its supervisory process and expects systemically important FMUs, as determined by the Board and subject to its authority, to complete a self-assessment against the standards set forth in the policy.
The Board has proposed to amend the standards in Regulation HH to replace the current standards for payment systems with standards based those set forth in the PFMI Report. It has also proposed to amend its Policy on Payments System Risk.
In addition, the Board and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency have adopted rules implementing the material elements of the BCBS interim framework for capitalization of bank exposures to CCPs.
The Commission is proposing to amend Rule 17Ad–22 and add Rule 17Ab2–2 pursuant to Section 17A of the Exchange Act and the Clearing Supervision Act to provide a new regulatory framework for “covered clearing agencies,” as defined below.
Generally, Section 17A directs the Commission to facilitate the establishment of a national system for the prompt and accurate clearance and settlement of securities transactions, having due regard for the public interest, the protection of investors, the safeguarding of securities and funds, and the maintenance of fair competition among brokers and dealers.
Consistent with these statutory objectives, the Commission previously adopted Rule 17Ad–22(d) to establish minimum requirements for registered clearing agencies and indicated that it might consider further rulemaking at a later date.
The Commission has preliminarily chosen to retain Rule 17Ad–22(d) and to continue to apply it to registered clearing agencies that are not covered clearing agencies.
The Commission notes that it is not proposing to alter the existing requirements under Rule 17Ad–22(b), which establishes risk-management and participant access requirements for registered clearing agencies that perform CCP services for security-based swaps, or Rule 17Ad–22(c), which requires registered clearing agencies that provide CCP services to maintain a record of financial resources and all registered clearing agencies to post on their Web sites annual audited financial statements.
The Commission is proposing to revise Rule 17Ad–22(a) to account for new proposed definitions.
The Commission is proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e) to establish requirements for covered clearing agencies with respect to general organization,
The Commission preliminarily believes that the requirements of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) would help promote governance, operations, and risk management practices more closely tailored to the risks raised by registered clearing agencies that have been designated systemically important, are engaged in activities with a more complex risk profile, or are determined to be covered clearing agencies by the Commission, consistent with Section 17A of the Exchange Act. The Commission preliminarily believes these requirements would also enable consistent supervision of designated FMUs and would reflect the Commission's consideration of international standards, as contemplated by Section 17A(i) and the Clearing Supervision Act.
Part II.A first discusses the scope of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), the role that written policies and procedures play in framing the proposed rule, and the reasons for imposing certain frequency of review requirements throughout the proposed rules. It then discusses the anticipated impact of the proposed rules given the existing requirements applicable to registered clearing agencies under Rules 17Ad–22(b) through (d), with which a covered clearing agency must already be in compliance.
Part II.B next discusses the proposed rules under Rule 17Ad–22(e). Finally, Parts II.C, D, and E discuss, in turn, proposed Rule 17Ab2–2, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(f), and the proposed amendment to Rule 17Ad–22(d).
The Commission is proposing to add four terms to Rule 17Ad–22(a) to identify the registered clearing agencies that would be subject to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e). First, the Commission is proposing to add Rule 17Ad–22(a)(9) to define “financial market utility” (“FMU”) as defined in Section 803(6) of the Clearing Supervision Act.
The Commission is also proposing Rule 17Ad–22(a)(16) to define “security-based swap” to mean security-based swap as defined in Section 3(a)(68) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(68).
The Commission preliminarily believes there could be several different bases under which registered clearing agencies would be required to comply with proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e). For instance, because DTC, FICC, NSCC, and OCC are registered clearing agencies pursuant to Section 17A of the Exchange Act and are designated clearing agencies for which the Commission is the supervisory agency under the Clearing Supervision Act,
By comparison, CME and ICE would not be subject to the proposed requirements for covered clearing agencies in Rule 17Ad–22(e) because (i) they have been designated as systemically important FMUs under Section 804 of the Clearing Supervision Act;
Two dormant clearing agencies, the Stock Clearing Corporation of Philadelphia (“SCCP”) and the Boston Stock Exchange Clearing Corporation (“BSECC”), have not been designated systemically important by the FSOC and are not involved in activities with a more complex risk profile.
Both SCCP and BSECC are currently registered with the Commission as clearing agencies but conduct no clearing or settlement activities.
Further, proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 would provide the Commission flexibility to determine that the operations or circumstances of a registered clearing agency, including a registered clearing agency that is exempt from certain requirements applicable to registered clearing agencies generally, warrant designation as a covered clearing agency.
The Commission preliminarily believes the requirements proposed in Rule 17Ad–22(e) aid the regulation of covered clearing agencies by, as noted above, establishing requirements more closely tailored to the risks they pose to the U.S. securities markets. For example, designated clearing agencies are systemically important because of their significance to the U.S. financial system and the risk that the failure of, or a disruption to, their functioning would increase the risk of significant liquidity or credit problems spreading among financial institutions, thereby threatening the stability of the U.S. financial system.
As noted above,
• Is the scope of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) appropriate? Why or why not? Is the scope sufficiently clear? Why or why not? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding the scope of the proposed rule? Are there aspects of the scope of the proposed rule for which the Commission should consider providing additional guidance? If so, please explain.
• Given that all non-dormant registered clearing agencies would either be covered clearing agencies subject to Commission supervision or be subject to CFTC regulation as designated clearing entities for which the CFTC is the supervisory agency, should the Commission replace the existing requirements under Rule 17Ad–22(d) with the requirements proposed under Rule 17Ad–22(e)? Why or why not?
• Is the Commission's proposed definition of “financial market utility” appropriate and sufficiently clear given the proposed requirements? Why or why not? Should the definition be modified? If so, how? Is there an
• Is the Commission's proposed definition of “designated clearing agency” appropriate and sufficiently clear given the requirements proposed? Why or why not? Should the definition be modified? If so, how? Is there an alternative definition the Commission should consider?
• Is the Commission's proposed definition of “clearing agency involved in activities with a more complex risk profile” appropriate and sufficiently clear given the requirements proposed? Why or why not? Should the definition be modified? If so, how? Is there an alternative definition the Commission should consider?
• Is the Commission's proposed definition of “covered clearing agency” appropriate and sufficiently clear given the requirements proposed? Why or why not? Should the definition be modified? If so, how? Is there an alternative definition the Commission should consider?
• Are the requirements in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) necessary, or do the existing provisions in Rule 17Ad–22(d) already sufficiently address the issues identified in this release as justification for increased regulation?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) would require covered clearing agencies to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to, as applicable, fulfill the requirements set forth in paragraphs (e)(1) through (23) of the proposed rule. The Commission preliminarily believes that this approach would facilitate the Commission's supervision of covered clearing agencies, is appropriate given their role as SROs,
The Commission is proposing to require policies and procedures developed by each covered clearing agency to fulfill the requirements of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) because the Commission preliminarily believes that it is important to allow covered clearing agencies enough flexibility to use their market experience and understanding of their institutions to shape the rules, policies, and procedures implementing proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e). This proposed approach is consistent with the Commission's established approach for supervising SROs, and the Commission preliminarily believes continuing this practice under Rule 17Ad–22(e) will allow the Commission to continue to perform its supervisory function through the SRO rule filing process under Section 19(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 19b–4,
The Commission anticipates that a covered clearing agency's rules, policies, and procedures will need to evolve over time so that it can adequately respond to changes in technology, legal requirements, the needs of its members and their customers, trading volumes, trading practices, linkages between financial markets, and the financial instruments traded in the markets that a covered clearing agency serves. Accordingly, the Commission preliminarily believes that covered clearing agencies should continually evaluate and make appropriate updates and improvements to their operations and risk management practices to facilitate prompt and accurate clearance and settlement.
Many of the policies and procedures requirements proposed in Rule 17Ad–22(e) specify a frequency of review. Generally, the proposed regularity of review falls into three categories— daily, monthly, or annually—and is based on the Commission's understanding of the current review practices generally at covered clearing agencies. The Commission's rationale for these differences is as follows:
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Based on the Commission's experience supervising registered clearing agencies, and given the current requirements applicable to registered clearing agencies under Rule 17Ad–22, the Commission preliminarily anticipates that the degree of changes that covered clearing agencies may need to make to their policies and procedures to satisfy the proposed requirements of Rule 17Ad–22(e) would vary among the particular provisions of the proposed rule and depend in part on the business model and operations of the clearing agency itself, as discussed below. The Commission preliminarily believes that, for the provisions in its proposal where a similar existing requirement has been identified, covered clearing agencies may need to make only limited changes to update their policies and procedures, and the table below provides summary information regarding the Commission's preliminary assessment of the impact of the proposed rules:
With respect to the provisions in its proposal where no similar existing requirement has been identified, the Commission preliminarily anticipates that covered clearing agencies may need to make more extensive changes to their policies and procedures (or implement new policies and procedures), and may need to take other steps, to satisfy the proposed requirements of Rule 17Ad–22(e).
For further discussion of the anticipated impact and costs and benefits of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), see Part IV.C.
The Commission generally requests comments on all aspects of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) and on all aspects of the definitions included in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(a), as discussed in more detail in Part II.B.
• Is each aspect of proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(1) through (23), including any terms used therein, sufficiently clear given the proposed requirements? Why or why not? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance as to the meaning of each provision of the proposed rules? Are there aspects of the proposed rules for which the Commission should consider providing additional guidance? If so, please explain.
• Are the Commission's definitions in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(a) accurate, appropriate, and sufficiently clear? Why or why not? Should the definitions be
• Is the Commission's use of certain terms it believes to be commonly understood (
• Would the proposed rules require covered clearing agencies to change their current practices? If so, how? What are the expected costs and benefits to covered clearing agencies in connection with adding or revising their current practices with respect to the implementation of the Commission's proposed rules?
• Should the Commission consider an alternative approach with respect to written policies and procedures included in the proposed rules? Why or why not? If so, what alternative approaches should the Commission consider? Please explain in detail.
• Should the Commission's proposed rules be less or more prescriptive? Why or why not? If so, what alternative approaches should the Commission consider? Please explain in detail.
• Are there any other factors that the Commission should take into consideration with respect to the requirements of the proposed rules?
• Should there be a phase-in period with respect to any of the requirements of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)? If so, what should the phase-in periods be? What facts and circumstances should the Commission consider in evaluating whether to adopt a potential phase-in period? Please explain in detail.
• Could the proposed rules affect the ability of covered clearing agencies to compete for certain types of business either within the United States or internationally? If so, how? Please provide specific examples and data.
• Are there significant operational or legal impediments to implementing the proposed rules? Would the proposed rules impact the ability of covered clearing agencies to clear certain products? Are any additional rules or regulations needed to facilitate compliance with the proposed rules?
• Are there any requirements under existing Rule 17Ad–22 that could be viewed as being consistent with the PFMI standards without being supplemented or replaced by new requirements in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)? Please explain in detail.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(1) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for a well-founded, clear, transparent, and enforceable legal basis for each aspect of its activities in all relevant jurisdictions.
The Commission preliminarily believes that (i) the United States is the relevant jurisdiction for covered clearing agencies that perform the functions of a clearing agency in the United States for purposes of Rule 17Ad–22(e)(1), and (ii) that covered clearing agencies operating in multiple jurisdictions would be required to address any conflicts of laws issues that they may encounter.
Consistent with the Exchange Act requirements discussed above,
In addition, the Commission is proposing to add Rule 17Ad–22(a)(20) to define “transparent” to mean, for proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(1), (2), and (10), that relevant documentation is disclosed, as appropriate, to the Commission and other relevant authorities, clearing members and customers of clearing members, the owners of the covered clearing agency, and the public, to the extent consistent with other statutory and Commission requirements.
Separately, the Commission has proposed rules to require policies and procedures to protect the confidentiality of trading information and procedures.
As was the case when the Commission considered Rule 17Ad–22(d)(1), where a clearing agency is faced with significant uncertainty regarding legal risk, the Commission preliminary believes this uncertainty may undermine a covered clearing agency's ability to provide prompt and accurate clearance and settlement, to safeguard securities and funds and to provide fair procedures, as required under Section 17A of the Exchange Act. For example, where a covered clearing agency's procedures addressing a participant default and establishing a security interest in collateral lack clarity or there is significant uncertainty regarding enforceability, there is a risk the clearing agency may face claims to void, stay or reverse its actions, which could be made by a bankruptcy trustee or other type of receiver in an insolvency of a participant, undermining the clearing agency's ability to safeguard securities and funds. As a similar example, if covered clearing agency netting activities are voided or reversed on legal grounds, which could involve a participant's insolvency, clearing and settlement could be disrupted as participant accounts are rebalanced. Also, for example, if a covered clearing agency's plan for recovery and wind-down is subject to legal uncertainty, the covered clearing agency or governmental authorities may be delayed in or prevented from taking appropriate actions, resulting in disorder that may undermine the provision of prompt and accurate clearance and settlement.
Therefore, like Rule 17Ad–22(d)(1), the Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(1) would support the effectiveness of a covered clearing agency's risk management procedures in two ways. First, by imposing requirements addressing legal risk, it would continue to promote effective risk management at covered clearing agencies. Second, the proposed rule would reinforce covered clearing agency policies and procedures regarding risks other than legal risk, including, among others, credit, liquidity, operational, and general business risk.
• Should the proposed rule include more specific requirements based on the type of business or the types of services offered by covered clearing agencies and/or whether the covered clearing agency operates in multiple jurisdictions? If so, are there any considerations, such as those concerning compliance with regulations in other jurisdictions, the Commission should take into account for covered clearing agencies operating in multiple jurisdictions?
• Should the Commission adopt more prescriptive or less prescriptive rules to define how covered clearing agencies would provide for a well-founded, clear, transparent, and enforceable legal basis? Why or why not? If so, what would those rules be?
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency to maintain documentation to demonstrate the legal adequacy of the mechanisms at the clearing agency that are in place to handle participant defaults? If so, what kinds of documentation should the Commission require?
• In proposing Rule 17Ad–22(a)(20), has the Commission taken the right approach with respect to requiring public disclosures? Why or why not? Should the Commission adopt rules that would require either more or less disclosure? Why or why not?
• What should be the minimum level of public disclosure required of a covered clearing agency? What information should a covered clearing agency be permitted to withhold? What form should that disclosure take? What content should be required? Please explain in detail.
Proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(2)(i) through (iv) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for governance arrangements that are clear and transparent, clearly prioritize the safety and efficiency of the covered clearing agency, and support the public interest requirements in Section 17A of the Exchange Act and the objectives of owners and participants.
Governance arrangements are critical to the sound operation of SROs, including covered clearing agencies.
Consistent with these requirements and the Exchange Act requirements discussed above,
As with Rule 17Ad–22(d)(8), the Commission preliminarily believes that requiring policies and procedures for clear and transparent governance arrangements support accountability in the decisions, rules, policies, and procedures of the covered clearing agency. Such policies and procedures requirements for governance arrangements provide owners, participants, and, if applicable, general members of the public, with an opportunity to comment on or otherwise provide input to governance arrangements and, in turn, provide a covered clearing agency with the opportunity to balance the potentially competing viewpoints of various stakeholders in its decision making.
In addition, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2)(iv) would require that the covered clearing agency establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for governance arrangements establishing that the board of directors and senior management have appropriate experience and skills to discharge their duties and responsibilities.
The Commission preliminarily believes that directors serving on the board and board committees of a clearing agency play an important role in creating a framework that supports prompt and accurate clearance and settlement because of their role in the decision-making process within a clearing agency. Additionally, the Commission preliminarily believes that a covered clearing agency's senior management has an important role in ensuring, under the board's direction, that the clearing agency's activities are consistent with the objectives, strategy, and risk tolerance of the clearing agency, as determined by the board. Accordingly, the expertise and skills of senior management and directors serving on the board of a covered clearing agency are likely to affect its effective operation. For example, a lack of expertise by board members may deter them from challenging decisions by management and lessen the potential that management would escalate appropriate issues to the board for the board's consideration. Similarly, board members and management should not have conflicts of interests that could undermine the decision-making process within a covered clearing agency or interfere with fair representation and equitable treatment of clearing members or other market participants by a covered clearing agency.
The Commission believes that covered clearing agencies are well positioned to determine which individuals would have the appropriate experience, skills, incentives and integrity to discharge their duties and responsibilities that reflect the particular characteristics of each covered clearing agency. Accordingly, the Commission preliminarily believes that the proposed requirement for policies and procedures would provide the covered clearing agency with a process to evaluate the expertise and skills of board members and senior management, consistent with the particular circumstances of the covered
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to provide for governance arrangements that prioritize the safety and efficiency of the covered clearing agency? Why or why not?
• The Commission is not proposing at this time to require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures provide for governance arrangements that also support the objectives of participants' customers, securities issuers and holders, and other stakeholders. Should the Commission consider such a requirement? Why or why not? Are existing protections under the Exchange Act, such as those in Section 17A(b)(3)(H) (requiring clearing agency rules to provide fair procedures to persons with respect to access to services offered by the clearing agency),
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to provide for governance arrangements establishing that the board of directors and senior management have appropriate experience and skills to discharge their duties and responsibilities? Why or why not? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance on what “experience and skills” would require? Why or why not?
• Are there any other requirements that should be included in the rule to promote clear and transparent governance arrangements?
• The Commission is not proposing at this time to require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures provide for governance arrangements to ensure that lines of responsibility and accountability at the covered clearing agency are clear and direct. Should the Commission consider such a requirement? Why or why not?
• The Commission is not proposing at this time to require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures provide for governance arrangements that ensure major decisions of the board of directors are disclosed to the public. Should the Commission consider such a requirement? Why or why not?
• Should there be a phase-in period for covered clearing agencies to comply with proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2), such as until the next annual meeting of shareholders of the covered clearing agency or other time period? Why or why not?
• Are the governance requirements in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2) necessary to achieve the benefits discussed in Part IV.C.3.a.ii? Why or why not? For example, how and why would particular features of the proposed rules, such as expectations that directors and officers of covered clearing agencies have certain skills and experience, contribute to greater market stability and reduced risk of insufficient internal controls endangering broader financial stability? Are there existing requirements under Section 17A of the Exchange Act, such as the “fair representation” requirement in Section 17A(b)(3)(C), rules and regulations adopted by the Commission and applicable to SROs, or relevant interpretations published by the Commission that already provide a clear and sufficient basis for the Commission to supervise covered clearing agencies in the manner contemplated by proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2) without adopting the proposed rule? What are the possible benefits of adopting the rule as proposed and what possible detriments may arise that the Commission should consider?
• Are there disclosures that a covered clearing agency should be required to make with respect to its governance arrangements? Why or why not? If so, what should be the form and content of those disclosures?
• Should the Commission require that the performance of the board of directors and senior management—individually and as a group—are reviewed on a regular basis? If so, how often should this review be conducted? Should this review be conducted independently?
• Should the board of directors of covered clearing agencies include individuals who are not executives, officers, or employees of the covered clearing agency, or an affiliate of the covered clearing agency? Should the board of directors of covered clearing agencies include an independent audit committee?
• Should the Commission be involved in and/or set requirements and standards with respect to board and management governance at covered clearing agencies? Does the Commission have the requisite statutory authority to adopt the rule proposals and matters addressed in the related questions set forth in this release as to governance arrangements, standards, composition, and qualifications of covered clearing agencies' boards and management? Is the Commission's oversight and establishment of corporate governance measures and standards at clearing agencies a proper and good use of Commission resources? What are the potential costs and benefits of these corporate governance provisions?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain a sound risk management framework for comprehensively managing legal, credit, liquidity, operational, general business, investment, custody, and other risks that arise in or are borne by the covered clearing agency.
Existing Rules 17Ad–22(b) and (d) require registered clearing agencies to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to meet several requirements that address risk management practices by registered clearing agencies that provide CCP services (Rules 17Ad–22(b)(1) through (4)), certain requirements regarding
In addition, policies and procedures for the comprehensive management of risks have the potential to play an important role in making sure that covered clearing agencies better fulfill the Exchange Act requirements that the rules of a clearing agency be designed to protect investors and the public interest.
In addition, the Commission is proposing the requirements described below, which do not appear in existing Rules 17Ad–22(b) or (d). The Commission preliminarily believes these requirements would be appropriate for covered clearing agencies given the risks that their size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3)(i) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for risk management policies, procedures, and systems designed to identify, measure, monitor, and manage the range of risks that arise in or are borne by the covered clearing agency, and subject them to review on a specified periodic basis and approval by the board of directors annually.
The Commission preliminarily believes periodic review of the risk management policies and procedures would allow covered clearing agencies to assess whether the risk management policies and procedures should be updated to account for changing factors in the market and to address and codify in a uniform way the approach to new risks taken since the last periodic review. The Commission preliminarily believes that the board of directors of a covered clearing agency should be required to approve the risk management policies and procedures. The Commission preliminarily believes that, in complying with this requirement, a board of directors may want to subject all material components of the covered clearing agency's risk management policies and procedures to review pursuant to Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3)(i) due to the critical role that risk management plays in promoting prompt and accurate clearance and settlement.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3)(ii) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure it establishes plans for the recovery and orderly wind-down of the covered clearing agency necessitated by credit losses, liquidity shortfalls, losses from general business risk, or any other losses.
Securities exchanges, market participants, and investors rely upon the safe, sound, and efficient operations of covered clearing agencies, and accordingly the Commission preliminarily believes that a disorderly wind-down of a covered clearing agency would have systemic consequences.
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission recognizes that covered clearing agencies operating in the market today each have relevant standards and practices relating to recovery and orderly wind-down with differing degrees of formality. The Commission therefore preliminarily expects that Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3)(ii) would require covered clearing agencies to review such standards and practices for sufficiency with respect to the safe operation of the covered clearing agency and revise such practices in a manner consistent with the findings of such review consistent with the proposed rule, if adopted, and the requirements of the Exchange Act.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3)(iii) would require a covered clearing agency
The Commission preliminarily believes that a covered clearing agency should have an effective internal audit function in order to provide, among other things, a rigorous and independent assessment of the effectiveness of the clearing agency's risk management and control processes, and should have an independent audit committee overseeing the internal audit function in order to help promote the integrity and efficiency of the audit process and strengthen internal controls. In order to satisfy the independence requirement for an audit committee under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2), a covered clearing agency could use such independence criteria as are established by its board of directors. The Commission further preliminarily believes that policies and procedures for risk management are important to the effective operation of a covered clearing agency.
The Commission generally requests comments on all aspects of Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3). In addition, the Commission requests comments on the following specific issues:
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to maintain a sound risk management framework for comprehensively managing legal, credit, liquidity, operational, general business, investment, custody, and other risks that arise in or are borne by the covered clearing agency? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures include plans for the recovery and orderly wind-down of the covered clearing agency necessitated by credit losses, liquidity shortfalls, losses from general business risk, or any other losses? Why or why not?
• How and to whom should the board of directors communicate the results of its review of the risk management framework, if at all?
• Are there any other requirements that should be included in the rule to facilitate policies and procedures that maintain a sound risk management framework, including the proposed requirements for policies and procedures regarding board review and approval of risk management policies and policies and procedures with respect to recovery and orderly wind-down plans? Why or why not? For example, should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to identify, measure, monitor, and manage the material risks that it poses to other entities, such as other financial market utilities, settlement banks, liquidity providers, or service providers, as a result of interdependencies? Why or why not?
• The Commission is not proposing at this time to require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to, in its comprehensive risk management framework, provide for criteria for the independence of audit committee members. Should the Commission consider requirements that specify such criteria? Why or why not? If so, should those criteria be similar to the audit committee independence requirements for listed companies in Rule 10A–3 under the Exchange Act?
Covered clearing agencies face a variety of financial risks from their participants and service providers, including credit or counterparty default risk, market risk, and liquidity risk. For example, for clearing agencies that provide CSD services, credit risk arises from the potential that a participant will not pay what it owes for securities that it has purchased or will not deliver securities that it has sold. For clearing agencies that clear and settle derivatives contracts, credit risk arises from the potential that a participant will not meet its margin or settlement obligations or pay any other amounts owed to the covered clearing agency.
Clearing agencies that provide CCP services take offsetting positions as the substituted counterparty to a transaction and, therefore, do not ordinarily face market risk except in the event of a participant default. In such an event, market risk takes two forms. First, the clearing agency may need to liquidate collateral posted by the defaulting participant. The clearing agency is therefore exposed to volatility in the market price of the defaulting participant's non-cash collateral that could result in the clearing agency having insufficient financial resources to cover the losses in the defaulting participant's open positions. Second, a clearing agency providing CCP services is subject to volatility in the market price of the defaulting participant's open positions during the interval between the point at which the clearing agency takes control of those positions and the point at which the clearing agency is able to offset, transfer, or liquidate those positions. A clearing agency faces the risk that its exposure to a participant can change as a result of a change in prices, positions, or both.
A clearing agency must be able to measure the counterparty credit exposures that it is expected to manage effectively. A clearing agency can ascertain its current credit exposure to each participant by marking each participant's outstanding positions to current market prices and (to the extent permitted by a clearing agency's rules
In addition to credit risk and market risk, clearing agencies also face liquidity or funding risk. Currently, to complete the settlement process, clearing agencies generally rely on incoming payments from participants in net debit positions in order to make payments to participants in net credit positions. If a participant does not have sufficient funds to make an incoming payment immediately when it is due (even though it may be able to pay at some future time), or if a settlement bank is unable to make an incoming payment on behalf of a participant, the clearing agency faces a funding shortfall. A clearing agency typically holds additional financial resources to cover potential funding shortfalls such as margin collateral or lines of credit. However, if collateral cannot be liquidated within a short time, or if lines of credit are unavailable, liquidity risk would be exacerbated.
Rules 17Ad–22(b)(1) through (4) concern risk management requirements for clearing agencies that perform CCP services (hereinafter “CCPs” in this part). Rule 17Ad–22(b)(1) requires that CCPs establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to measure their credit exposures at least once per day.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to effectively identify, measure, monitor, and manage its credit exposures to participants and those exposures arising from its payment, clearing, and settlement processes.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i) would require a covered clearing to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain sufficient financial resources to cover its credit exposure to each participant fully with a high degree of confidence. The Commission's intention in proposing the term “high degree of confidence” is to refer to the statistical meaning of this term.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(ii) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services, and that is “systemically important in multiple jurisdictions” or “a clearing agency involved in activities with a more complex risk profile,” to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain additional financial resources, to the extent not already maintained pursuant to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i), at a minimum level necessary to enable it to cover a wide range of foreseeable stress scenarios, including but not limited to the default of the two participant families that would potentially cause the largest aggregate credit exposure for the covered clearing agency in extreme but plausible market conditions (hereinafter the “cover two” requirement).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(iii) would require a covered clearing agency that is not subject to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(ii) to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain additional financial resources, to the extent not already maintained pursuant to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i), at the minimum to enable it to cover a wide range of foreseeable stress scenarios, including the default of the participant family that would potentially cause the largest aggregate credit exposure for the covered clearing agency in extreme but plausible market conditions (hereinafter the “cover one” requirement).
Also, as previously discussed, the Commission is proposing Rule 17Ad–22(a)(4) to define “clearing agency involved in activities with a more complex risk profile.”
Like the “cover two” requirement in Rule 17Ad–22(b)(3), which applies to registered clearing agencies that provide CCP services for security-based swaps,
In addition, the Commission is proposing the requirements described below. In discussing these requirements, the below sections describe how they differ from existing requirements in Rules 17Ad–22(b)(1) through (4) applicable to security-based swap clearing agencies, previously discussed above.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(iv) would require a covered clearing agency providing CCP services that is either systemically important in multiple jurisdictions or a complex risk profile clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to include prefunded financial resources, excluding assessments for additional guaranty fund contributions or other resources that are not prefunded, when calculating the financial resources available to meet the standards under proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i) through (iii), as applicable.
The Commission notes that while the ability to assess participants for contributions under applicable covered clearing agency governing documents, rules, or agreements could not be included in this calculation, previously paid-in participant contributions into a covered clearing agency default fund could be counted to the extent the clearing agency's rules, policies, or procedures permit such resources to be used in a manner equivalent to other financial resources in the default fund. Other sources of prefunded resources, such as margin previously posted to the clearing agency by participants, could also be treated in this manner. In addition, while the ability to draw down under a revolving loan facility could not be counted towards prefunded resources because funds from such loan facility would not be in the covered clearing agency's immediate possession, the covered clearing agency could count borrowed funds already drawn down, such as under a term loan or other credit facility.
Existing requirements under Rule 17Ad–22 do not include requirements for prefunded financial resources at registered clearing agencies. The proposed requirement reflects the Commission's recognition of the importance of a covered clearing agency meeting its default resource obligations, given the risks that its size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(v) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain the financial resources required under proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i) through (iii) in combined or separately maintained clearing or guaranty funds.
This requirement would be similar to the requirement in Rule 17Ad–22(b)(3) requiring a security-based swap clearing agency to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain financial resources generally or in separately maintained funds.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(vi) would require a covered clearing agency
The proposed rule would also require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to conduct a comprehensive analysis on at least a monthly basis of the existing stress testing scenarios, models, and underlying parameters and assumptions, and consider modifications to ensure they are appropriate for determining the covered clearing agency's required level of default protection in light of current market conditions. When the products cleared or markets served by a covered clearing agency display high volatility, become less liquid, or when the size or concentration of positions held by the entity's participants increases significantly, the proposed rule would specifically require a covered clearing agency to have policies and procedures for conducting comprehensive analyses of stress testing scenarios, models, and underlying parameters and assumptions more frequently than monthly. The Commission preliminarily believes that what constitutes “high volatility” and “low liquidity” would vary across asset classes that a covered clearing agency might clear. Accordingly, the Commission preliminarily believes that a clearing agency would need flexibility to address changing circumstances and is therefore not proposing to prescribe triggers for any particular circumstance.
The proposed rule would also require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for the reporting of the results of this analysis to the appropriate decision makers at the covered clearing agency, including its risk management committee or board of directors, and to require the use of the results to evaluate the adequacy of and to adjust its margin methodology, model parameters, and any other relevant aspects of its credit risk management policies and procedures, in supporting compliance with the minimum financial resources requirements discussed above.
The Commission is also proposing to add Rule 17Ad–22(a)(18) to define “stress testing” to mean the estimation of credit and liquidity exposures that would result from the realization of extreme but plausible price changes or changes in other valuation inputs and assumptions.
The Commission preliminarily believes that the requirements in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(vi) are appropriate for testing the sufficiency of the financial resources of covered clearing agencies because, in certain market conditions, such as periods of high volatility or diminished liquidity, existing stress scenarios, models, or underlying parameters may no longer be valid or appropriate. Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission believes that certain, but not all, covered clearing agencies adjusted their stress testing scenarios following the 2008 financial crisis to incorporate larger debt, equity, and credit market shocks similar to those experienced during the crisis. Accordingly, the Commission preliminarily believes that specific policies and procedures contemplating actions to be taken by all covered clearing agencies in such circumstances are necessary to ensure the safe functioning of the covered clearing agencies as required by the Exchange Act,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(vii) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require a conforming model validation for its credit risk models to be performed not less than annually or more frequently as may be contemplated by the covered clearing agency's risk management policies and procedures.
The Commission is proposing to add Rule 17Ad–22(a)(5) to define “conforming model validation” to mean an evaluation of the performance of each material risk management model used by a covered clearing agency, along with the related parameters and assumptions associated with such models.
The proposed rule differs from the existing requirement for security-based swap clearing agencies in Rule 17Ad–
In contrast to proposed Rules 17Ad–22(a)(5) and (e)(4)(vii), Rule 17Ad–22(b)(4) requires only a model validation for margin models and does not specify the general elements of a model validation.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(5) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to limit the assets it accepts as collateral to those with low credit, liquidity, and market risks, and also require policies that set and enforce appropriately conservative haircuts and concentration limits if the covered clearing agency requires collateral to manage its own or its participants' credit exposures.
Similarly, the Commission preliminarily believes that appropriately conservative haircuts and concentration limits would require a covered clearing agency to value assets in a manner that minimizes risk of loss or risk of delay in access to them.
The Commission is proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(5) to require policies and procedures with respect to specific practices to be followed by a covered clearing agency when managing collateral to ensure the safeguarding of funds, consistent with the requirements under the Exchange Act discussed above.
In addition, the Commission is proposing that a covered clearing agency establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to include a not-less-than-annual review of the sufficiency of a covered clearing agency's collateral haircuts and concentration limits.
Generally, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to cover its credit exposures to its participants by establishing a risk-based margin system that is monitored by management on an ongoing basis and regularly reviewed, tested, and verified.
Rule 17Ad–22(b)(2) currently requires registered clearing agencies that provide CCP services to use risk-based models and parameters to set margin requirements, and to review such margin requirements and the risk-based models and parameters at least monthly,
The Commission notes that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6) is different from these existing requirements under Rule
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6)(i) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to result in a margin system that at a minimum considers, and produces margin levels commensurate with, the risks and particular attributes of each relevant product, portfolio, and market.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6)(ii) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the margin system would mark participant positions to market and collect margin, including variation margin or equivalent charges if relevant, at least daily, and include the authority and operational capacity to make intraday margin calls in defined circumstances.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6)(iii) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to calculate margin sufficient to cover its potential future exposure to participants in the interval between the last margin collection and the close out of positions following a participant default.
The Commission preliminarily believes that, rather than establish specific criteria in advance, it is more appropriate to address liquidation periods separately with respect to each covered clearing agency through the Commission's supervisory process under Sections 17A and 19 of the Exchange Act,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6)(iv) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it uses reliable sources of timely price data and procedures and sound valuation models for addressing circumstances in which pricing data are not readily available or reliable.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6)(v) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure the use of an appropriate method for measuring credit exposure that accounts for relevant product risk factors and portfolio effects across products. Measuring such portfolio effects means a covered clearing agency may take into account certain netting procedures or offsets through which credit exposure may be reduced in measuring credit exposure, including the use of portfolio margining procedures across products where applicable.
Under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6)(vi), in addition to the requirement discussed above in relation to monitoring by management on an ongoing basis, a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to regularly review, test, and verify its risk-based margin system by conducting backtests at least once each day and conducting a conforming sensitivity analysis of its margin resources and its parameters and assumptions for backtesting at least monthly, and consider modifications to ensure the backtesting practices are appropriate for determining the adequacy of its margin resources.
Backtesting is a technique used to compare the potential losses forecasted by a model with the actual losses that participants incurred, and is intended to reveal the accuracy of models. Misspecified or miscalibrated models may lead to errors in decision making. The Commission is proposing to require policies and procedures that provide for backtesting the margin models used by covered clearing agencies to help uncover and address possible errors in model design, misapplication of models, or errors in the inputs to, and assumptions underlying, margin models. The Commission is also proposing to add Rule 17Ad–22(a)(1) to define “backtesting” to mean an ex-post comparison of actual outcomes with expected outcomes derived from the use of margin models.
The Commission is also proposing to add Rule 17Ad–22(a)(6) to define “conforming sensitivity analysis” to mean a sensitivity analysis that considers the impact on the model of both moderate and extreme changes in a wide range of inputs, parameters, and assumptions, including correlations of price movements or returns if relevant, which reflect a variety of historical and hypothetical market conditions and actual and hypothetical portfolios of proprietary positions and, where applicable, customer positions. The Commission notes that “sensitivity analysis” is a commonly understood term among industry participants,
Under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6)(vi), the policies and procedures for model review, testing, and verification requirements would include policies and procedures for conducting a conforming sensitivity analysis more frequently than monthly when the products cleared or markets served display high volatility, become less liquid, or when the size or concentration of positions held by participants increases or decreases significantly.
By proposing the requirement for conducting a conforming sensitivity analysis, the Commission expects that feedback generated by these analyses would improve the performance of risk-based margin systems used by covered clearing agencies and therefore better ensure the safe functioning of covered clearing agencies. Additionally, the Commission preliminarily believes that conforming sensitivity analysis may help a covered clearing agency discover and address shortcomings in its margin models that would not otherwise be revealed through backtesting and is accordingly appropriate given the risks that its size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets.
Rule 17Ad–22(b)(4) currently requires a registered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for an annual model validation consisting of evaluating the performance of the clearing agency's margin models and the related parameters and assumptions associated with such models by a qualified person who is free from influence from the persons responsible for the development or operation of the models being validated. Under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6)(vii), a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require not less than annually a conforming model validation of the covered clearing agency's margin system and related models.
The Commission preliminarily believes the proposed approach of requiring policies and procedures that subject a covered clearing agency's models to review by such parties would be relevant to ensuring the safe operation of covered clearing agencies and will help to ensure that covered clearing agencies have the opportunity to benefit from the views of a qualified person free from influence and incorporate alternative risk management methodologies into their models as appropriate. The Commission preliminarily believes this is important for covered clearing agencies given the risks that a covered clearing agency's size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to effectively measure, monitor, and manage the liquidity risk that arises in or is borne by it, by meeting, at a minimum, the ten requirements specified below.
Liquidity risk describes the risk that an entity will be unable to meet financial obligations on time due to an inability to deliver funds or securities in the form required though it may possess sufficient financial resources in other forms. Although Rule 17Ad–22(d)(11) currently requires, among other things, that a registered clearing agency establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to take timely action to contain liquidity pressures and to continue to meet obligations in the event of a participant default, the Commission does not currently have requirements for policies and procedures of registered clearing agencies regarding the management of liquidity risk with the level of specificity proposed in Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7). Given the risks that a covered clearing agency's size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets, the proposed requirements would require a covered clearing agency to maintain sufficient liquidity resources to ensure they are prepared to meet their payment obligations in order to facilitate the prompt and accurate clearance and settlement of securities transactions.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i) would require that a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures be reasonably designed to ensure that it maintains sufficient liquid resources in all relevant currencies to effect same-day and, where appropriate, intraday and multiday settlement of payment obligations with a high degree of confidence under a wide range of potential stress scenarios that includes the default of the participant family that would generate the largest aggregate payment obligation for it in extreme but plausible market conditions. As noted above, maintaining sufficient liquidity resources helps ensure that a covered clearing agency is prepared to meet its payment obligations in order to facilitate the prompt and accurate clearance and settlement of securities transactions
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ii) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure it holds qualifying liquid resources sufficient to meet the minimum liquidity resource requirement in each relevant currency for which the covered clearing agency has payment obligations owed to clearing members.
• Cash held either at the central bank of issue or at creditworthy commercial banks;
• Assets that are readily available and convertible into cash through either:
○ Prearranged funding arrangements without material adverse change limitations, such as committed lines of credit, foreign exchange swaps, and repurchase agreements, or
○ Other prearranged funding arrangements determined to be highly reliable even in extreme but plausible market conditions by the board of directors of the covered clearing agency following a review conducted for this purpose not less than annually; and
• Other assets that are readily available and eligible for pledging to (or conducting other appropriate forms of transactions with) a relevant central bank, if the covered clearing agency has access to routine credit at such central bank.
The Commission preliminarily believes that this requirement is appropriate, given the risks that its size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets, and will help ensure that a covered clearing agency has sufficient liquid resources, as determined by stress testing, to effect settlement of payment obligations with a high degree of confidence under a wide range of potential stress scenarios.
For similar reasons, the Commission preliminarily believes it is appropriate to include in the definition of qualifying liquid resources assets that a central bank would permit a covered clearing agency to use as collateral, to the extent such covered clearing agency has access to routine credit at such central bank.
With regard to assets convertible into cash, the Commission preliminarily notes that the mere ownership of assets that a covered clearing agency may consider readily available and also may consider readily convertible into cash, based on factors such as the historical volume of trading in a particular market for such asset, may not be sufficient alone to make the assets count towards qualifying liquid resources unless one of the above-referenced prearranged funding arrangements is in place under which the covered clearing agency would receive cash in a timely manner. The prearranged funding arrangements would be in place to cover any shortfall. The Commission, however, preliminarily considers committed funding arrangements to be reasonably capable of being established by covered clearing agencies in the relevant commercial lending markets and other funding arrangements to be reasonably capable of being assessed for reliability by the boards of directors of covered clearing agencies following consideration of the relevant circumstances, and therefore preliminarily believes the standard to be sufficiently clear to allow for it to be interpreted and applied in practice by covered clearing agencies. Further, the Commission preliminarily notes that, in complying with proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7), covered clearing agencies should consider the lower of the value of the assets capable of being pledged and the amount of the commitment (or the equivalent availability under a highly reliable prearranged facility) as the amount that counts towards qualifying liquid resources in the event there is any expected difference between the two.
In defining the proposed requirements for qualifying liquid resources, the Commission preliminarily believes that it would be appropriate to provide covered clearing agencies with the flexibility to use highly reliable funding arrangements in addition to committed arrangements for purposes of using assets other than cash to meet the proposed requirements of Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7).
For similar reasons, the Commission preliminarily believes it is appropriate to include in the definition of qualifying liquid resources assets that a central
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(iii) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure it uses accounts and services at a Federal Reserve Bank, pursuant to Section 806(a) of the Clearing Supervision Act,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(iv) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure it undertakes due diligence to confirm that it has a reasonable basis to believe each of its liquidity providers, whether or not such liquidity provider is a clearing member, has sufficient information to understand and manage the liquidity provider's liquidity risks, and the capacity to perform as required under its commitments to provide liquidity.
The Commission preliminarily intends for the term “due diligence” to have the same meaning as what this term is commonly understood to mean by market participants. Consequently, in order to comply with the requirements of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7) and to form a reasonable basis regarding a liquidity provider's understanding and management of liquidity risks and operational capacity, the Commission expects a covered clearing agency would ordinarily not rely on representations of the liquidity provider to this effect and instead conduct its own investigation into the liquidity provider's business. A covered clearing agency should consider implementing due diligence procedures that provide a sufficient basis for its belief, given its business and the nature of its liquidity providers. Procedures for purposes of forming a reasonable basis could include, for example, interviewing the liquidity provider's staff and reviewing both public and non-public documents that would allow the covered clearing agency to gather information about relevant factors, including but not limited to the strength of the liquidity provider's financial condition, its risk management capabilities, and its internal controls.
The Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(iv) is appropriate because a covered clearing agency needs to soundly manage its relationships with liquidity providers given the risks posed to the U.S. securities markets by its size, operation, and importance. In addition, Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(iv) would reinforce proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ii) and the definition of qualifying liquid resources in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(a)(15), which contemplate potential reliance on liquidity providers where a covered clearing agency would seek to use assets other than cash for purposes of complying with proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ii) and would need to transact with a liquidity provider to convert such assets into cash. Should a committed or prearranged funding arrangement prove to be unreliable at the time a covered clearing agency needs to utilize it because of liquidity problems at the lender itself, this failure may trigger a liquidity problem at the covered clearing agency, which would raise systemic risk concerns for the U.S. securities markets. These types of problems at a liquidity provider, by indirectly affecting a covered clearing agency, could undermine the national system for the prompt and accurate clearance and settlement of securities transactions.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(v) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the covered clearing agency maintains and, on at least an annual basis,
In addition, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(v) would reinforce proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ii) and the definition of qualifying liquid resources in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(a)(15), which contemplate potential reliance on liquidity providers where a covered clearing agency would seek to use assets other than cash for purposes of complying with proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ii) and would need to transact with a liquidity provider to convert such assets into cash. If procedures or operational capacity for accessing liquidity under committed or prearranged funding arrangements fail to function as planned and in a timely manner, the covered clearing agency may fail to meet its payment obligation, which would raise systemic risk concerns for the U.S. markets and could undermine the national system for the prompt and accurate clearance and
The Commission preliminarily believes that testing of access to liquidity resources could include efforts by a covered clearing agency to verify that a liquidity provider is able to provide the relevant liquidity resource in the manner intended under the terms of the funding arrangement and without undue delay, such as, for example, promptly funding a draw on the covered clearing agency's credit facility. Testing procedures could include, for example, test draws funded by the liquidity provider or tests of electronic connectivity between the covered clearing agency and the liquidity provider. The Commission recognizes that testing with liquidity providers may not always be practicable in the absence of committed liquidity arrangements.
The Commission preliminarily believes the proposed requirement that testing of a covered clearing agency's access to liquidity be conducted at least annually with each liquidity provider to be a reasonable step to ensure the objectives of the Exchange Act are achieved in practice. The Commission understands such tests are routinely performed currently by certain registered clearing agencies but are subject to variation due, in part, to the absence of a regulatory requirement and the incremental time and attention needed to conduct the tests. The Commission preliminarily anticipates the effect of the proposed rule will be to require the development of more uniform liquidity testing practices by covered clearing agencies, and has accordingly proposed to allow covered clearing agencies to assess the practicability of such testing to provide them with reasonable flexibility to design the tests to suit the circumstances of the covered clearing agency and its particular liquidity arrangements.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(vi)(A) through (C) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to determine the amount and regularly test the sufficiency of the liquid resources held for purposes of meeting the minimum liquid resource requirement of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i) by (A) conducting a stress test of its liquidity resources at least once each day using standard and predetermined parameters and assumptions;
The Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(7)(vi)(A) through (D) would require a covered clearing agency to take reasonable steps to ensure the adequacy of liquid resources in practice. Given the risks that a covered clearing agency's size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets, in addition to the potential consequences to the U.S. financial system of a failure of a covered clearing agency, the Commission preliminarily believes that requiring a covered clearing agency to devote additional time and attention to testing the sufficiency of its liquid resources, relative to a registered clearing agency generally, is appropriate. The Commission preliminarily believes that the requirements in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(vi) are appropriate for testing the sufficiency of liquid resources of covered clearing agencies because, in certain market conditions, such as periods of high volatility or diminished liquidity, existing stress scenarios, models, or underlying parameters may no longer be valid or appropriate. For example, covered clearing agencies may have adjusted their financial resources models following the 2008 financial crisis to account for larger debt, equity, and credit market shocks than would have been contemplated by those models prior to the crisis. Accordingly, the Commission preliminarily believes that specific policies and procedures specifying actions to be taken by covered clearing agencies to maintain sufficient liquid resources would contribute to the safe functioning of the covered clearing agency as required by the Exchange Act,
One of the appropriate methods of preparation by a covered clearing agency would be, in the Commission's preliminary view, the testing of the sufficiency of liquidity that it might need under certain extreme but plausible parameters and assumptions. The Commission preliminarily believes that conducting stress testing of liquidity would allow a covered clearing agency to understand its level of resilience and adjust its operations accordingly to address areas of inadequacy. The Commission preliminarily believes that by testing under extreme but plausible scenarios,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(vii) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to result in performing an annual or more frequent conforming model validation of its liquidity risk models.
In addition, the Commission preliminary believes that an annual cycle is appropriate for the reasons described in Part 0.
The Commission preliminarily believes that such annual conforming model validation would provide feedback on the performance of such liquidity risk models conducted by a qualified person who is free from influence from the persons responsible for the development or operation of the liquidity risk model, as contemplated by the definition of “conforming model validation” in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(a)(5), and incorporate alternative liquidity risk management methodologies into their models as appropriate. Generally, the Commission preliminarily considers that a person is free from influence when that person does not perform functions associated with the clearing agency's models (except as part of the annual model validation) and does not report to a person who performs these functions. Preliminarily, the Commission would not expect policies and procedures adopted pursuant to this proposed requirement to require the clearing agency to detach model review from model development or to maintain two separate quantitative teams. By reacting to such feedback, a covered clearing agency may improve the functioning of its liquidity risk model. The Commission notes that misspecified or miscalibrated liquidity risk models may lead to errors in decision making. The Commission preliminarily believes that the proposed rule is appropriate following consideration of the Exchange Act requirements discussed above
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(viii) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to address foreseeable liquidity shortfalls that would not be covered by its liquid resources and seek to avoid unwinding, revoking, or delaying the same-day settlement of payment obligations.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ix) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to describe its process for replenishing any liquid resources that it may employ during a stress event.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(x) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure it, at least once a year, evaluates the feasibility of maintaining sufficient liquid resources at a minimum in all relevant currencies to effect same-day and, where appropriate, intraday and multiday settlement of payment obligations with a high degree of confidence under a wide range of foreseeable stress scenarios that includes, but is not limited to, the default of the two participant families that would potentially cause the largest aggregate credit exposure for the covered clearing agency in extreme but plausible market conditions if the covered clearing agency provides CCP services and is either systemically important in multiple jurisdictions or a clearing agency involved in activities with a more complex risk profile.
Rule 17Ad–22 does not currently provide specific requirements regarding the sizing and testing of liquid resources or what types of financial resources would qualify as liquid. However, the financial crisis of 2008 demonstrated the plausibility of the default of two large participants in a clearing agency over a brief period.
The Commission also preliminarily believes that, with greater emphasis being placed on the role of CCPs in the financial system, the requirement in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(x) for CCPs to review and consider the feasibility of meeting a higher liquidity risk management standard is appropriate. While Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(x) would impose on certain covered clearing agencies' policies and procedures requirements to conduct an annual analysis of the feasibility of maintaining “cover two” for liquidity, such covered clearing agencies would not be mandated to adopt a “cover two” approach regarding liquidity risk management. The responsibility for such a determination would remain with the boards of directors of covered clearing agencies following a review of the information produced pursuant to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(x).
The Commission preliminarily believes that it may be appropriate for a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services to maintain liquidity coverage at levels higher than other clearing agencies due to the heightened need to ensure the safe operation of covered clearing agencies given their importance to the U.S. financial markets and the risks attributable to the products they clear, but also that covered clearing agencies not subject to a “cover two” requirement should have flexibility to evaluate the results of an annual feasibility study and to make their own determinations as to whether a “cover two” approach to liquidity risk management is necessary or appropriate. Furthermore, the Commission notes that if, following completion of a feasibility study as contemplated in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(x), a covered clearing agency makes a determination to move beyond “cover one” for liquidity that would be required under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i), such covered clearing agency would not be limited to sizing its qualifying liquid resources to cover the default of its two largest participant families. In such case, the covered clearing agency could select a level of liquid resources exceeding “cover one” that it deems most appropriate to the management of liquidity risk, which could be either less than, equal to, or more than “cover two.”
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission also preliminarily believes that, in sizing its liquid resources to exceed “cover one,” a covered clearing agency may take into account a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, (i) the business model of the covered clearing agency, such as a utility model (which may be also referred to as an “at cost” model) versus a for-profit model; (ii) diversification of its members' business models as they impact the members' ability to supply liquidity to the covered clearing agency; (iii) concentration of membership of the covered clearing agency, as the breadth of the membership may affect the ability to draw liquidity from members; (iv) levels of usage of the covered clearing agency's services by members, as the concentration of demand on the covered clearing agency's services may bear upon potential liquidity needs; (v) the relative concentration of members' market share in the cleared products; (vi) the degree of alignment of interest between member ownership of the covered clearing agency and the provision of funding to the covered clearing agency; and (vii) the nature of, and risks associated with, the products cleared by the covered clearing agency.
The Commission generally requests comments on all aspects of proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4), (5), (6), and (7) and proposed Rules 17Ad–22(a)(5), (6), (14), (15), (17), (18), and (19). In particular, the Commission requests comments on the following issues:
• Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance for Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4) regarding the meaning of the requirement to cover credit exposures to each participant “fully with a high degree of confidence”? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding the meaning of the requirement to maintain the financial resources required under proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i) through (iii), as applicable, “in combined or separately maintained clearing or guaranty funds”? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding the use of “high volatility” and “become less liquid”? Why or why not?
• Is the Commission's proposed requirement to cover credit exposures to each participant “fully with a high degree of confidence” in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4) appropriate? Why or why not?
• Should a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures provide for the measurement of credit exposures more frequently than once per day? Why or why not? If so, how frequently? What factors should be considered in determining the minimum frequency?
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to limit the assets it accepts as collateral to those with low credit, liquidity, and market risks? Why or why not? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding what constitutes “low credit, liquidity, and market risks”? Why or why not? If not, what additional guidance should the Commission consider providing?
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to set and enforce appropriately conservative haircuts and concentration limits if the covered clearing agency requires collateral to manage its or its participants' credit exposure? Why or why not? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance on what would constitute “appropriately conservative haircuts and concentration limits”? Why or why not? Should the Commission adopt different standards? If so, what should those standards be? Please explain in detail.
• Are there any other requirements that should be included in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(5) to facilitate policies and procedures that address collateral? Why or why not? Are there any requirements that should be removed? Why or why not? For instance, should the Commission require policies and procedures that avoid concentrated holdings of any particular kind of asset, such as those that would significantly impair the covered clearing agency's ability to liquidate such assets quickly without significant adverse price effects? Should the Commission require policies and procedures that avoid concentrated holdings under certain conditions?
• Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance for Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6) regarding “margin levels commensurate with, the risks and particular attributes of each relevant product, portfolio, and market”? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding what a “reliable” source of timely price data is? Why or
• Is the requirement in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6)(i) regarding policies and procedures reasonably designed to result in a margin system that at a minimum considers, and produces margin levels commensurate with, the risks and particular attributes of each relevant product, portfolio, and market appropriate? Why or why not?
• Is the Commission's approach in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6)(iii), requiring a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to calculate margin sufficient to cover its potential future exposure to participants, and the definition of “potential future exposure” in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(a)(14) to mean the “maximum exposure estimated to occur at a future point in time with an established single-tailed confidence interval of at least 99% with respect to the estimated distribution of future exposure” appropriate and sufficiently clear? Why or why not?
• Are there any other requirements that should be included in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6) to facilitate policies and procedures that address margin? Why or why not? For instance, should the Commission require policies and procedures that address minimum liquidation periods for products cleared by covered clearing agencies? Why or why not?
• Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance for Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7) regarding what constitutes the “relevant currency” in holding qualifying liquid resources? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding the “due diligence” with respect to liquidity providers? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding what constitutes “foreseeable” liquidity shortfalls? Why or why not?
• Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding what constitutes “regularly” testing the sufficiency of liquid resources under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(vi)? Why or why not? How frequently should a covered clearing agency test the sufficiency of its liquid resources? Please explain.
• Does the set of minimum requirements for policies and procedures under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7) sufficiently address liquidity risks? Why or why not? Should the Commission adopt other requirements for addressing liquidity risk?
• Is the proposed definition of “qualifying liquid resources” under Rule 17Ad–22(a)(15) accurate, appropriate, and sufficiently clear given the requirements proposed? Why or why not? Should all types of assets be subject to prearranged funding arrangements? Should the proposed definition distinguish among them by asset, product type, or liquidity? Are there alternative definitions the Commission should consider?
• Is the meaning of the term “due diligence” under Rule 17Ad–22(7)(iv) sufficiently clear? Why or why not?
• Is the proposed definition of “systemically important in multiple jurisdictions” under Rule 17Ad–22(a)(19) accurate, appropriate, and sufficiently clear given the requirements proposed? Why or why not? Are there alternative definitions the Commission should consider? How should the Commission assess another regulator or jurisdiction's determination that a covered clearing agency is systemically important in multiple jurisdictions? Please explain.
• Is the Commission's proposed approach to “cover one” and “cover two” with respect to credit risk appropriate? Should the Commission expand or contract the scope of covered clearing agencies subject to a “cover two” requirement beyond those systemically important in multiple jurisdictions or those involved in activities with a more complex risk profile? Why or why not? Is the “cover two” approach, in which the covered clearing agency must have policies and procedures requiring financial resources sufficient to cover the default of the two participant families that would potentially cause the largest aggregate credit exposure for the covered clearing agency in extreme but plausible market conditions, appropriate? Should the Commission require policies and procedures that provide for financial resources in excess of “cover two”? Why or why not? If so, what would be the potential costs and benefits?
• Is the Commission's proposed approach to “cover one” and “cover two” with respect to liquidity risk appropriate? Should the Commission require policies and procedures that would provide for maintaining qualifying liquid resources equal to “cover two,” rather than policies and procedures for a feasibility analysis with regard to “cover two”? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission include more specific requirements for policies and procedures regarding stress testing that take into account, for example, relevant peak historic price volatilities, shifts in other market factors such as price determinants and yield curves, multiple defaults over various time horizons, simultaneous pressures in funding and asset markets, or a spectrum of forward-looking stress scenarios in a variety of extreme but plausible market conditions? Why or why not?
• Is the requirement to require policies and procedures for reporting the results of a conforming sensitivity analysis to the appropriate decision makers at the covered clearing agency appropriate? Why or why not? Has the Commission sufficiently described who the appropriate decision makers are? Please explain.
• Do any of the proposed rules for financial risk management differentiate between clearing agencies based on factors that should not be determinative,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(8) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to define the point at which settlement is final no later than the end of the day on which the payment or obligation is due and, where necessary or appropriate, intraday or in real time.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(12) currently requires registered clearing agencies to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that final settlement occurs no later than the end of the settlement day and to require that intraday or real-time finality be provided where necessary to reduce risks.
As with Rule 17Ad–22(d)(12), the Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(8) is appropriate for covered clearing agencies, given the risks that a covered clearing agency's size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets, for the following reasons. First, the Commission preliminarily believes that defining the point at which settlement is final may assist in the potential wind-down of a member in the event of insolvency because it provides the covered clearing agency with information regarding the member's open positions. As an example, clearly defining the point at which settlement is final might include establishing a cut-off point after which unsettled payments, transfer instructions, or other obligations may not be revoked by a clearing member. Clearly defining the point at which settlement is final could also provide to clearing members the necessary guidance from the covered clearing agency to permit extensions for members with operating problems. For example, the covered clearing agency may establish rules governing the approval and duration of such extensions.
Second, the Commission preliminarily believes that a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures should require completing final settlement no later than the end of the day on which the payment or obligation is due and that practices creating material uncertainty regarding when final settlement will occur or permit the back-dating or “as of” dating of a transaction that settles after the end of the day on which the payment or obligation is due would not comply with this requirement. The Commission preliminarily believes that final settlement has the effect of reducing the buildup of exposures between clearing members and the clearing agency, and final settlement no later than the end of the day on which the payment or obligation is due limits these exposures to the change in price between valuation and the end of the day. Accordingly, deferring final settlement beyond the end of the day on which the payment or obligation is due would allow these exposures to increase in size, thereby creating the potential for credit and liquidity pressures for members and other market participants and potentially increasing systemic risk.
Third, the Commission preliminarily believes that a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures, where necessary and appropriate, should require intraday or real-time finality in order to reduce risk in circumstances where uncertainty regarding finality may impede the clearing agency's ability to facilitate prompt and accurate clearance and settlement, cause the clearing agency's members to fail to meet their obligations, or otherwise disrupt the securities markets. The Commission preliminarily believes that such efforts would be necessary and appropriate when, for example, the risks in question are material or when the opportunity to require intraday or real-time finality is available and it would be reasonable, whether in economic or other terms, to do so.
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to define the point at which settlement is final no later than the end of the day on which the payment or obligation is due, as in the proposed rule, or no later than the end of the settlement date, as in existing Rule 17Ad–22(d)(12) applicable to registered clearing agencies? Please explain.
• What changes, if any, would be created by the proposed requirements for settlement finality? Does the proposed rule affect certain, identifiable categories of market participants differently than others, such as smaller entities or entities with limited operations in the United States? If so, how?
• Are there operational, legal, or regulatory impediments to intraday or real-time settlement finality? Will the proposed standard make it harder for covered clearing agencies to conduct certain types of business for which intraday or real-time finality may be difficult? Are any additional rules or regulations needed to encourage intraday or real-time finality to reduce risks?
• Are there circumstances when the requirements of intraday, real-time, or end-of-day settlement finality proposed by the rule are not feasible or are not beneficial? If so, in what circumstances?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(9) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure it considers conducting its money settlements in central bank money, where available and determined to be practical by the board of directors of the covered clearing agency, and minimizes and manages credit and liquidity risk arising from conducting its money settlements in commercial bank money if central bank money is not used by the covered clearing agency.
The Commission notes that, in some cases, for example, the use of central bank money may not be practical, as direct access to all central bank accounts and payment services may not be available to certain clearing agencies or members, and, for clearing agencies working under different currencies, certain central bank accounts may not be operational at the time money settlements occur.
As with Rule 17Ad–22(d)(5), the Commission is proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(9) to provide assurance that funds transfers are final when effected.
The Commission notes that there are a number of arrangements that a covered clearing agency could employ to meet the requirements under the proposed rule. For example, pursuant to the Clearing Supervision Act, designated clearing agencies may obtain access to account services at a Federal Reserve Bank.
The proposed rule would also permit a covered clearing agency to use multiple settlement banks in order to monitor and manage concentration of payments among its commercial settlement banks. In those circumstances, policies and procedures would be required to consider the degree to which concentration of a covered clearing agency's exposure to a commercial settlement bank is affected or increased by multiple relationships with the settlement bank, including (i) where the settlement bank is also a participant in the covered clearing agency, or (ii) where the settlement bank provides back-up liquidity resources to the covered clearing agency.
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to conduct its money settlements in central bank money, where available and determined to be practical by the board of directors of the covered clearing agency? Why or why not? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance on what would be “practical” in this context? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to minimize and manage credit and liquidity risk arising from conducting its money settlements in commercial bank money if central bank money is not used by the covered clearing agency? Why or why not?
• Are there other requirements that the Commission should apply to money settlements, such as requiring policies and procedures with respect to the minimum number of banks that a covered clearing agency may use to effect money settlements with its participants in order to avoid reliance on a small number of such banks? Should the Commission require policies and procedures specifying the characteristics of financial institutions that may be used by clearing agencies for settlement purposes? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to establish and monitor adherence to criteria based on high standards for the covered clearing agency's settlement banks? For example, should the Commission require that criteria to consider the applicable regulatory and supervisory frameworks, creditworthiness, capitalization, access to liquidity, and operational reliability? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to monitor and manage the concentration of credit and liquidity exposures to its commercial settlement banks? Why or why not?
• Should rules for money settlements established by the Commission be uniform for all types of money settlements, or are there circumstances in which it would be appropriate for covered clearing agencies to accept a higher degree of money settlement risk, such as when transacting in certain product categories or with certain types of customers? Why or why not?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(10) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to establish and maintain transparent written standards that state its obligations with respect to the delivery of physical instruments and operational practices that identify, monitor, and manage the risk associated with such physical deliveries.
The proposed requirement is similar to the requirement applicable to registered clearing agencies in Rule 17Ad–22(d)(15), but the proposed rule also requires that such standards be transparent at covered clearing agencies.
The Commission preliminarily believes that the proposed requirement for a covered clearing agency to maintain transparent written standards that state its obligations with respect to physical deliveries would help to ensure that members and their customers have information that is likely to enhance their understanding of their rights and responsibilities with respect to using the clearance and settlement services of a covered clearing agency.
The Commission acknowledges that practices regarding physical delivery vary based on the types of assets that a covered clearing agency settles.
The Commission notes that CDS employing the contractual term “physical delivery” or similar language, which upon an event of default are settled by “physical delivery” of the instrument (as such terms are used in the agreement) to the protection seller by the protection buyer are not within the scope of this rule merely because of such contractual terminology where they are not delivered in paper form (but are delivered through book entry or electronic transfer).
The proposed rule would also require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify, monitor, and manage the risks that arise in connection with their obligations for physical deliveries.
The Commission preliminarily notes that certain risks associated with physical deliveries could stem from operational limitations with respect to assuring receipt of and processing of physical deliveries. Other operational risks may relate to personnel, which can be mitigated by having policies and procedures designed to review and assess the qualifications of potential employees, including reference and background checks and employee training, among other things. Further operational risks include theft, loss, counterfeiting, and deterioration of or damage to assets.
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to establish and maintain transparent written standards that state its obligations with respect to the delivery of physical instruments? Why or why not? Are there physical delivery obligations that a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures should not be required to state through transparent written standards? If so, please explain.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11) would apply only to a covered clearing agency providing CSD services (hereinafter a “covered CSD” in this part).
This definition is currently codified at 17 CFR 240.17Ad–22(a)(2).
Like existing Rule 17Ad–22(d)(10), proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11)(i) would, among other things, require a covered CSD to have policies and procedures to maintain securities in an immobilized or dematerialized form for transfer by book entry.
The Commission notes that, while registered clearing agencies that provide CSD services are already subject to this requirement under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(10), the Commission is proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(10) as part of a comprehensive set of rules for regulating covered clearing agencies. Because Rule 17Ad–22(d)(10) already contains this requirement, however, the Commission anticipates that covered clearing agencies may need to make only limited changes to update their policies and procedures to comply with this requirement under the proposed rule.
As with Rule 17Ad–22(d)(10), the Commission notes that the proposed requirement for policies and procedures to cover maintaining securities in an immobilized form is not intended to prohibit a covered CSD from holding physical securities certificates on behalf of its members for purposes other than to facilitate immobilization where such securities currently continue to exist in paper form. In this regard, the Commission believes it would be useful to describe three relevant features of the current U.S. market. First, in order for securities to be offered and sold publicly, the offer or sale of the securities generally must be registered with the Commission or subject to an exemption from registration.
Second, U.S. law generally does not provide for a federal corporate law or corporate charter. Instead, states currently permit corporations to issue stock certificates to registered owners. While the market in the United States has made advances in immobilizing and dematerializing securities, no federal statute or regulation prohibits the issuance of paper certificates to registered owners of a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act or companies that file periodic reports with the Commission. Accordingly, the Commission's rules do not prohibit, and in some respects contemplate, the issuance of securities certificates.
Third, some broker-dealers in the United States no longer operate vaults in which to hold securities certificates registered in the names of their customers where such customers seek a third-party to physically hold their certificates. In such cases, broker-dealers (without an in-house vault) may utilize the vault services of the CSD of which they are a participant in order to be able to offer such custody service to their customers.
The Commission also notes that the proposed rule is not intended to alter the following practices in the U.S. market. Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11) would not prohibit a covered CSD from providing custody-only services for purposes not intended to promote immobilization to facilitate street name transfer but solely to hold these securities for third parties. Likewise, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11) would not prohibit a covered CSD from holding American depositary shares in custody.
In addition, the Commission preliminarily believes that the policies and procedures of a covered CSD should be required to ensure the integrity of securities issues and minimize and manage the risks associated with the safekeeping and transfer of securities, given the risks that a covered CSD's size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets, for the following reasons. First, the preservation of the rights of issuers and holders of securities is necessary for the orderly functioning of the securities markets.
In addition, the Commission is proposing the requirements described below. Although Rule 17Ad–22(d)(10) does not include similar requirements, the Commission anticipates that, based on the current practices of registered CSDs in the United States, a registered
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11)(ii) would require a covered CSD to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to implement internal auditing and other controls to safeguard the rights of securities issuers and holders and prevent the unauthorized creation or deletion of securities.
The Commission preliminarily believes that the proposed requirement to safeguard the rights of issuers and holders is appropriate because, while issuers and holders may not be participants in a covered CSD, they access its services through covered CSD immobilization or dematerialization of securities and thus a failure to safeguard securities by the CSD may adversely affect issuers or holders, including for example by creating legal problems related to unauthorized issuance of securities, dilution of a holder's ownership interest or the holder's claim on the security as beneficial owner where holding indirectly through a member of the CSD.
As noted above, the preservation of the rights of securities issuers and holders is necessary for the orderly functioning of the securities markets. Accordingly, the Commission preliminarily believes the proposed rule is appropriate to help ensure that a covered clearing agency can verify that its records are accurate and provide a complete accounting of its securities issues.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11)(ii) would require a covered CSD to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to conduct periodic and at least daily reconciliation of securities issues it maintains.
The Commission notes that CSDs in the United States currently do not provide registrar or transfer agent services to record name owners of securities. CSD services that facilitate book-entry transfer are limited to holding jumbo/global certificates in custody or, through sub-custodian relationships with the transfer agent for a particular issuer via the Fast Automated Securities Transfer (“FAST”) system, which is used to maintain jumbo/global record ownership position balances of the CSD's holdings in a particular issue.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11)(iii) would require a covered CSD to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to protect assets against custody risk through appropriate rules and procedures consistent with relevant laws, rules, and regulations in jurisdictions where it operates.
Such custody risk may be related to physical delivery risk, which proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(10) would require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to identify, monitor, and manage.
The Commission also preliminarily notes that increased dematerialization would not eliminate the applicability of the requirement to protect assets against custody risk. When held in electronic custody through accounting entries, such as through electronic sub-custody of the CSD global/jumbo record ownership position with a transfer agent via FAST, assets may nevertheless remain subject to operational risks and may be subject to variations of such risks, such as hacking or digital piracy, that are different from those risks faced with respect to paper certificates.
The Commission generally requests comments on all aspects of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11). In addition, the Commission requests comments on the following specific issues:
• Should the Commission require a covered CSD's policies and procedures to maintain securities in an immobilized or dematerialized form for their transfer by book entry? Why or why not? Are there any circumstances under which this would be inappropriate? Please explain.
• Should the Commission require a covered CSD's policies and procedures to ensure the integrity of securities issues? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission require a covered CSD's policies and procedures to protect assets against custody risk through appropriate rules and procedures consistent with relevant laws, rules, and regulations in jurisdictions where it operates? Why or why not?
• Are there any other requirements that should be included in the proposed rule to promote sound practices at covered CSDs? For instance, should the Commission require a covered CSD's policies and procedures to include provisions to identify, measure, monitor, and manage its risks from other activities that it may perform? Should the Commission require a covered CSD's policies and procedures to employ a robust system that ensures segregation between the CSD's own assets and the securities of its participants and segregation among the securities of participants? Why or why not?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(12) would apply to transactions cleared by a covered clearing agency that involve the settlement of two linked obligations.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(13) similarly requires that a registered clearing agency's policies and procedures be reasonably designed to eliminate principal risk by linking securities transfers to funds transfers in a way that achieves delivery versus payment (“DVP”),
The Commission notes that ensuring settlement finality only when settlement of the corresponding obligation is final—regardless of whether a covered clearing agency settles on a gross or net basis—may require corresponding policies and procedures that address legal, contractual, operational, and other risks.
Market confidence, in addition to public confidence more generally, hinges in large part on the dependability and promptness of the clearing and settlement systems underlying a given market. If CCPs are unable to promptly and fully give to clearing members access to funds due, they and other market participants may lose confidence in the settlement process.
As under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(13), a covered clearing agency can link securities transfers to funds transfers and mitigate principal risk in connection with settlement through DVP settlement mechanisms. DVP is achieved in the settlement process when the mechanisms facilitating settlement ensure that delivery occurs only if payment occurs.
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to, if the covered clearing agency settles transactions that involve the settlement of two linked obligations, eliminate principal risk by conditioning the final settlement of one obligation upon the final settlement of the other? Should the Commission impose this policy and procedure requirement regardless of whether the covered clearing agency settles on a gross or net basis, as proposed? Should the Commission impose this policy and procedure requirement regardless of
• Does the proposed rule affect certain identifiable categories of covered clearing agencies differently than others, such as clearing agencies with more diversified post-trade services as compared to clearing agencies that specialize in fewer activities? If so, how? How should the proposed rule account for these differences?
• Are there operational or legal impediments to implementing the proposed rule? Would the proposed rule make it more difficult for covered clearing agencies to conduct certain types of business that may require a longer settlement cycle, for reasons outside of their control? Are any additional rules or regulations needed to support achievement of the proposed rule?
• Are there circumstances when ensuring that the settlement of an obligation is final if and only if the settlement of the corresponding obligation is final is not feasible or practicable? If so, when?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the covered clearing agency has the authority and operational capacity to take timely action to contain losses and liquidity demands and continue to meet its obligations in the event of a participant default.
As with Rule 17Ad–22(d)(11), the Commission believes that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13) is appropriate given the importance of having established procedures in the event a covered clearing agency faces a member default. The proposed rule would continue to provide certainty and predictability to market participants about the measures a clearing agency will take in the event of a participant default as default procedures, among other things, are meant to reduce the likelihood that a default by one or more participants will disrupt the clearing agency's operations. By establishing, implementing, maintaining and enforcing such policies and procedures, a covered clearing agency should be in a better position to continue providing its services in a manner that promotes prompt and accurate clearance and settlement during times of market stress.
The proposed rule would also require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it can take timely action to contain losses and liquidity pressures and to continue meeting its obligations when due in the event of a member default.
A covered clearing agency should also have the operational capacity to comply with the proposed requirements to contain losses. The Commission preliminarily believes that the following measures would help promote such operational capacity: (i) Establishing training programs for employees involved in default matters to ensure policies are well implemented; (ii) developing a communications strategy for communicating with stakeholders, including the Commission, concerning defaults; and (iii) making sure the proper tools and resources (whether these are personnel or other) required are available to close out, transfer, or hedge open positions of a defaulting member promptly even in the face of rapid market movements.
In addition, based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that a covered clearing agency's default procedures would generally include the following: (i) The action that may be taken (
In addition, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13) would include the requirements described below, for which no comparable requirements under Rule 17Ad–22(d) are applicable to registered clearing agencies. The Commission preliminarily believes the proposed requirements are appropriate for covered clearing agencies given the risks that a covered clearing agency's size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13)(i) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to address the allocation of credit losses it may face if its collateral and other resources are insufficient to fully cover its credit exposures, including the repayment of any funds the covered clearing agency may borrow from liquidity providers.
The Commission preliminarily believes that this requirement is appropriate because requiring that policies and procedures address key aspects of the allocation of credit losses would provide certainty and predictability about the measures available to a covered clearing agency in the event of a default. Such certainty and predictability would facilitate the orderly handling of member defaults and would enable members to understand their obligations to the covered clearing agency in extreme circumstances. In some instances, managing a member default may involve hedging open positions, funding collateral so that the positions can be closed out over time, or both. A covered clearing agency may also decide to auction or allocate open positions to its participants. To the extent possible, the Commission believes a covered clearing agency would allow non-defaulting members to continue to manage their positions in the ordinary course. By addressing the allocation of credit losses, the covered clearing agency would have policies and procedures intended to address the resolution of a member default where its collateral and other financial resources are insufficient to cover credit losses.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13)(ii) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to describe its process to replenish any financial resources it may use following a member default or other event in which use of such resources is contemplated.
The Commission preliminarily believes this requirement is appropriate because the absence of procedures to replenish resources may undermine a covered clearing agency's ability to contain losses and liquidity pressures. The Commission also preliminarily believes that a covered clearing agency's rules and procedures to draw on financial resources will support the proposed rule's other requirements to contain losses and liquidity pressures. Such procedures commonly specify the order of use of different types of resources, including (i) assets provided by the defaulting member (such as margin or other collateral), (ii) the guaranty fund of the covered clearing agency, (iii) capital calls on members, and (iv) credit facilities. In addition, the Commission preliminarily believes a covered clearing agency could satisfy the proposed requirement by having policies and procedures that describe (i) how resources that have been depleted as a result of a member default would be replenished over time and (ii) what burdens a non-defaulting member may bear.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13)(iii) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require its members and, when practicable, other stakeholders to participate in the testing and review of its default procedures, including any close out procedures. The proposed rule would also require policies and procedures providing for such testing and review to occur at least annually and following material changes thereto.
The Commission preliminarily believes that including members and other stakeholders in such testing will help to ensure that procedures will be practical and effective in the face of an actual default. In addition to the relevant employees, members, and other stakeholders that would be involved in testing default procedures, a covered clearing agency may determine, as appropriate, to include members of its board of directors or similar governing body, and to invite linked clearing agencies, significant indirect participants, providers of credit facilities, and other service providers to participate. The Commission preliminarily believes requiring member and, where practicable, stakeholder participation in periodic testing is appropriate because successful default management will require coordination among these parties, particularly during periods of market stress.
The Commission generally requests comments on all aspects of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13). In addition, the Commission requests comments on the following specific issues:
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to ensure the covered clearing agency has the authority and operational capacity to take timely action to contain losses and liquidity demands and continue to meet its obligations? Should the proposed rule include minimum requirements, as proposed? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require its members and, when practicable, other stakeholders to participate in the testing and review of its default procedures? Why or why not? Is it appropriate for stakeholders other than a covered
• Should the Commission require policies and procedures regarding specific default procedures for covered clearing agencies, or should they have discretion to create their own default procedures consistent with the proposed rule? If the latter, how much flexibility should a covered clearing agency have in its policies and procedures regarding the time it takes to manage a default and liquidate positions?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(14) would apply to a covered clearing agency that is either a security-based swap clearing agency or a complex risk profile clearing agency.
The Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(14) is appropriate because it facilitates the protection of customer collateral and positions by requiring a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to prescribe means for holding or accounting for them separately from the assets of the clearing agency member providing services to the customer.
The Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(14) should apply only to security-based swap clearing agencies and complex risk profile clearing agencies because existing rules applicable to broker-dealers address customer security positions and funds in cash securities and listed option markets, thereby promoting segregation and portability and protecting customer positions and funds.
The first step required by Rule 15c3–3 is that a carrying broker must maintain physical possession or control of all fully paid and excess margin securities of their customers.
The second step is that a carrying broker-dealer must maintain a reserve of cash or qualified securities in an account at a bank that is at least equal in value to the net cash owed to customers, including cash obtained from the use of customer securities. The account must be titled “Special Reserve Bank Account for the Exclusive Benefit of Customers.” The amount of net cash owed to customers is computed pursuant to a formula set forth in Exhibit A to Rule 15c3–3. Under the customer reserve formula, the broker-dealer adds up customer credit items (
In addition, records of customer positions are subject to broker-dealer recordkeeping rules. Exchange Act Rules 17a–3 and 17a–4 require records be kept for certain periods of time, such as three or six year periods depending upon the type of record.
The Commission also notes that, separately, it has proposed Rule 18a–4 to apply customer protection rules to security-based swap dealers and major security-based swap participants. The approach in proposed Rule 18a–4 was modeled on the customer protection scheme under Rule 15c3–3 for broker-dealers.
In addition, in so limiting the scope of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(14), the Commission intends to avoid requiring changes to the existing structure of cash securities and listed options markets in the United States where registered clearing agencies that provide CSD or CCP services play a central role. Transactions in the U.S. cash security and listed options markets are characterized by the following features: (i) Customers of members generally do not have an account at a clearing agency;
The Commission notes that segregation can be achieved either through an omnibus account structure, as is common in the U.S. securities markets today, or an individual account structure. An omnibus account structure, where all collateral belonging to all customers of a particular member is commingled and held in a single account segregated from that of the member, might not be as operationally intensive as an individual account structure. Omnibus accounts may expose a customer to “fellow-customer risk” (
An omnibus account structure may be more efficient when porting positions and collateral for a group of customers subject to a defaulting member (where there has been no customer default or where customer collateral is legally protected on an individual basis). Omnibus accounts may also foster portability depending on whether the covered clearing agency collects margin on a gross or net basis. Margin calculated on a gross basis to support individual customer portfolios may result in less efficient netting with respect to members; however, it may eliminate the possibility of under-margined customer positions when ported. As a result, a clearing agency may be able to port in bulk or piecemeal the positions of a customer of a member that has defaulted. When margin is collected on a net basis, there may be a risk that full portability cannot be achieved if under-margining means that porting will depend on the ability and willingness of customers to provide additional collateral where transferee members are unwilling to accept the porting to them of under-margined positions.
Alternatively, an individual account structure may also provide a high degree of protection from the default of another customer of a member, as a customer's collateral is intended to be used to cover losses associated solely with the default of that customer. In the event of a member failure (whether or not due to a customer default), clear and reliable identification of a customer's collateral may promote portability of an individual customer's positions and collateral or, alternatively, expedite their return to the customer. Maintaining individual accounts, however, can be operationally and resource intensive for a covered clearing agency and could impact the overall efficiency of its clearing operations. An individual account structure may also impact margin collection practices at a covered clearing agency, as the individual account structure may be inconsistent with net collection of margin because it may be impractical for the covered clearing agency to allocate the net margin to individual customers rather than among omnibus accounts.
The Commission preliminarily notes that a covered clearing agency subject to the proposed rule would be required to structure its portability arrangements in a way that makes it highly likely that the positions and collateral of a defaulting member's customers will be effectively transferred to one or more other members. The Commission also preliminarily notes that the following methods may assist a covered clearing agency in achieving portability: (i) Identifying positions that belong to customers; (ii) identifying and asserting rights to related collateral held by or through the covered clearing agency; (iii) identifying potential members to accept the positions and collateral; (iv) disclosing relevant information to such members so that they can evaluate the counterparty credit and market risk associated with the customers and positions, respectively; (v) transferring positions and related collateral to one or more members; and (vi) carrying out default management procedures in an orderly manner.
Finally, where a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures facilitating portability permit a transfer of specific positions and collateral that is not performed with the consent of the member to whom they are transferred, the Commission preliminarily believes that a covered clearing agency could satisfy this requirement by having policies and procedures that set out the circumstances where this may occur. In addition, the Commission preliminarily notes that the portability requirement does not apply only upon default of a member; a covered clearing agency should have policies and procedures that facilitate porting in the normal course of business, such as when a customer ends its relationship with a member to start a new relationship with a different member, or as a result of other events, such as a merger involving the member.
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to enable the segregation and portability of positions of a participant's customers and the collateral provided to the covered clearing agency with respect to those positions? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to effectively protect the positions of a participant's customers and related collateral from the default or insolvency of that participant? Why or why not?
• Does the proposed rule affect certain identifiable categories of covered clearing agencies differently than others in ways not discussed in this proposing release? If so, how? Should the requirements under the proposed rule apply to certain identifiable categories of covered clearing agencies in addition to security-based swap and complex risk profile clearing agencies, as proposed? Please explain.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify, monitor, and manage its general business risk and hold sufficient liquid net assets funded by equity to cover potential general business losses so that the covered clearing agency can continue operations and services as a going concern if those losses materialize.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15) is designed to help mitigate the potential impairment of a covered clearing agency's status as a going concern resulting from general business losses, such as a decline in revenues or an increase in expenses resulting in expenses that exceed revenues and a loss that must be charged against the covered clearing agency's capital.
In addition, the Commission is proposing the requirements described below. Registered clearing agencies are not subject to similar rules under Rule 17Ad–22, but the Commission preliminarily believes the proposed requirements are appropriate for covered clearing agencies given the risks that a covered clearing agency's size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets and are consistent with the Exchange Act requirements discussed above.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15)(i) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to determine the amount of liquid net assets funded by equity based upon its general business risk profile and the length of time required to achieve a recovery or orderly wind-down, as appropriate, of its critical operations and services if such action is taken.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15)(ii) would require a clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for holding liquid net assets funded by equity equal to the greater of either six months of its current operating expenses or the amount determined by the board of directors to be sufficient to ensure a recovery or orderly wind-down of critical operations and services of the covered clearing agency, as contemplated by the plans established under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3)(ii).
The Commission preliminarily believes that the requirements for a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures regarding liquid net assets are necessary to ensure that a covered clearing agency's general business risk management is sufficiently robust to facilitate either its orderly recovery or wind-down. The Commission is proposing these requirements to ensure that a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures clearly define what liquid net assets are sufficient under Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15) and to require a covered clearing agency to maintain, pursuant to its policies and procedures, liquid net assets appropriate to cover general business risk in addition to those resources appropriate for managing participant default, credit losses, or liquidity shortfalls. Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that a covered clearing agency could satisfy this requirement by having policies and procedures that limit appropriate liquid net assets to cash or cash equivalents because these types of assets would best
In addition, the Commission preliminarily believes a covered clearing agency may exclude depreciation and amortization expenses from its calculation of current operating expenses because depreciation and amortization expenses are non-cash expenses and accordingly would not have an effect on a covered clearing agency's cash flow, which might affect its ability to continue operations as a going concern.
The Commission also preliminarily believes that a backward-looking calculation of operating expenses based on the income statement for the most recently ended fiscal year would not be the type of policy and procedure sufficient to comply with the proposed requirements regarding current operating expense.
The proposed rule also requires a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for monitoring its business operations and reducing the likelihood of losses, which the Commission believes furthers the requirements of the Exchange Act discussed above.
Because of the integral role that liquid net assets play in supporting the recovery or orderly wind-down of a covered clearing agency in the event of a business loss, the Commission is proposing requirements for a clearing agency's policies and procedures to require liquid net assets, funded by equity, equal to the greater of six months of operating expenses or an amount determined by the board of directors to be sufficient to facilitate an orderly recovery or wind-down of critical operations and services. The Commission preliminarily believes this is appropriate because liquid net assets allow the covered clearing agency to continue operations as a going concern by acting as a cushion while the covered clearing agency is in recovery or wind-down.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15)(iii) would further require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for maintaining a viable plan, approved by the board of directors and updated at least annually, for raising additional equity should its equity fall close to or below the amount required by the proposed rule as discussed above.
As noted above, because of the reliance of securities markets, market participants, and investors on the safe, sound, and efficient operations of covered clearing agencies, a disorderly failure of a covered clearing agency would have systemic consequences. The proposed rule requires a covered clearing agency to maintain a viable plan to raise additional equity in the event that its liquid net assets funded by equity fall close to or below the amount required by the proposed rule.
The Commission generally requests comments on all aspects of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15). In addition, the Commission requests comments on the following specific issues:
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to identify, monitor, and manage the covered clearing agency's general business risk? Why or why not? Are there other requirements that the Commission should include in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15) to address the general business risk management at covered clearing agencies?
• Is the proposed requirement for a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to hold liquid net assets funded by equity equal to the greater of either (x) six months of the covered clearing agency's current operating expenses or (y) the amount determined by the board of directors to be sufficient to ensure a recovery or orderly wind-down of critical operations and services of the covered clearing agency
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to hold liquid net assets in addition to resources held to cover participant defaults or other risks covered under the credit risk standard in Rule 17Ad–22(b)(3)? Under the credit risk standard in proposed Rules 17Ad–22 (e)(4)(i) through (iii), as applicable? Under the liquidity risk standard in proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i) and (ii), as applicable? Why or why not? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding what constitutes “liquid net assets”? Why or why not?
• Should a covered clearing agency be required to provide notice to the Commission at any time before its liquid net assets reach the minimum required amount? If so, at what amount should the requirement apply,
• Regarding securities that are cash equivalents and therefore liquid net assets, should the Commission establish requirements for policies and procedures that discount the value of these securities compared to their fair value?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(16) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to safeguard its own and its participants' assets and minimize the risk of loss and delay in access to these assets.
Custody risk is the risk of loss on assets held in custody in the event of a custodian's (or subcustodian's) insolvency, negligence, fraud, or poor administration. Investment risk is the risk of loss faced by a clearing agency when it invests its own or its participants' assets. In each case, the risk is the likelihood that assets securing participant obligations to the covered clearing agency or otherwise needed for the clearing agency to meet its own obligations would be unavailable or insufficient when the covered clearing agency needs to draw on them. Failure by a clearing agency to hold assets in instruments with minimal credit, market, and liquidity risk may limit the clearing agency's ability to retrieve these assets promptly. That, in turn, can cause the clearing agency to fail to meet its settlement obligations to its participants or cause the clearing agency's participants to fail to meet their obligations. Accordingly, as under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(3), the Commission believes it is appropriate to continue to limit such risks to ensure the proper functioning of a covered clearing agency pursuant to Section 17A of the Exchange Act.
Under existing Rule 17Ad–22(d)(3), the members of a registered clearing agency typically deposit securities with the clearing agency, or the clearing agency holds assets that secure the participants' obligations to it and may invest these assets. In such circumstances, the clearing agency is exposed to custody and investment risk. The Commission is aware that, currently, clearing agencies ordinarily seek to minimize the risk of loss or delay in access by holding assets that are highly liquid (
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to invest its own and its participants' assets in instruments with minimal credit, market, and liquidity risks? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to minimize the risk of loss and delay in access to its own and its participants' assets? Why or why not?
• Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding what instruments have “minimal credit, market, and liquidity risks”? Should the Commission further specify what kinds of assets would be appropriate under the proposed requirement, such as investments that are secured by, or are claims on, high-quality obligors and investments that allow for timely liquidation with little, if any, adverse price effect? Why or why not?
• Should covered clearing agencies ever be permitted to hold assets in instruments that do not have minimal credit, market, and liquidity risk? If so, why and under what circumstances? What type of measures should covered clearing agencies have in place to minimize the risk of loss from delays in accessing these assets? Should the
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(17) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage the covered clearing agency's operational risk.
As with Rule 17Ad–22(d)(4), the Commission preliminarily believes that the requirements in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(17)(i) through (iii) should help covered clearing agencies and its participants continue to address and manage risks posed by potential operational deficiencies. Specifically, to help limit disruptions that may impede the proper functioning of a covered clearing agency, the Commission preliminarily believes it is imperative that covered clearing agencies review their operations for potential weaknesses and develop appropriate systems, controls, and procedures to address weaknesses the proposed rule seeks to mitigate.
The Commission intends for proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(17) to supplement the existing guidance provided by the Commission in its Automation Review Policy (“ARP”) statements
Generally, the guidance in ARP I and ARP II provides for the following activities by clearing agencies: (1) Performing periodic risk assessments of its automated data processing (“ADP”) systems and facilities; (2) providing for the selection of the clearing agency's independent auditors by non-management directors and authorizing such non-management directors to review the nature, scope, and results of all audit work performed; (3) having an adequately staffed and competent internal audit department; (4) furnishing annually to participants audited financial statements and an opinion from an independent public accountant as to the clearing agency's system of internal control—including unaudited quarterly financial statements also should be provided to participants upon request; and (5) developing and maintaining plans to assure the safeguarding of securities and funds, the integrity of the ADP system, and recovery of securities, funds, or data under a variety of loss or destruction scenarios.
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to manage its operational risks by establishing and maintaining a business continuity plan that addresses events posing a significant risk of disrupting operations? Why or why not? Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance on what an event “posing a significant risk of disrupting operations” would be?
• Should the Commission's proposal require a specific methodology to identify and mitigate operational risk? If so, what is the methodology and why should this methodology be imposed?
• Is the Commission's proposed approach with respect to ensuring that systems have a high degree of security, resiliency, and operational reliability appropriate and sufficiently clear? Why or why not?
• Are there any other requirements that should be included in the rule to facilitate policies and procedures for operational risk management? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission adopt additional policies and procedures requirements for business continuity planning? If so, please explain in detail.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(18) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and
In addition to the requirements described above,
The Commission notes that the elements of Rule 17Ad–22(d)(2)(i), regarding policies and procedures requiring participants to have financial resources and robust operational capacity to meet obligations arising from participation are also reflected in other proposed rules, including Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4) and (17).
Appropriate minimum operational, legal, and capital requirements for membership that are maintained and enforced through the supervisory practices of a clearing agency help to ensure all members will be reasonably capable of meeting their various obligations to the clearing agency in stressed market conditions and upon member default. Member defaults challenge the safe functioning of a clearing agency by creating credit and liquidity risks, which impede a clearing agency's ability to settle securities transactions in a timely manner. Ensuring that clearing members meet objective levels of operational and financial soundness helps to counterbalance the potential for cascading effects on other participants and limit the potential of a systemic disruption in the U.S. securities markets. Fair and open access to all parties meeting the objective criteria for participation similarly helps to ensure wide participation and thereby increase beneficial risk mitigating effects.
Accordingly, the Commission preliminarily believes Rule 17Ad–22(e)(18) is appropriate because it would promote membership standards at covered clearing agencies that are likely to limit the potential for member defaults and, as a result, losses to non-defaulting members in the event of a member default. The proposed rule has similar requirements to those applied to registered clearing agencies under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(2) but would also explicitly require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to establish publicly disclosed criteria for participation, which permit fair and open access by direct and, where relevant, indirect participants and other FMUs, and also require that the criteria be risk-based, in addition to objective.
In addition, the Commission is proposing a requirement that covered clearing agencies establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require participants to have sufficient financial resources and robust operational capacity to meet obligations arising from participation in the clearing agency and to monitor compliance with participation requirements on an ongoing basis. Rule 17Ad–22(d)(2)(i) and (ii) also require a registered clearing agencies to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to have procedures in place to require participants to have sufficient financial resources and robust operational capacity to meet obligations arising from participation in the clearing agency and to monitor that participation requirements are met on an ongoing basis.
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to monitor compliance with its participation requirements on an ongoing basis? Why or why not? Would a more specific monitoring requirement be appropriate? For example, should this requirement specify a frequency of review? Why or why not? If so, what would be the appropriate frequency of review? Please explain.
• Would it be appropriate for the Commission to require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to provide for different categories of participation? If so, please explain in detail what these different categories would be and why they would be appropriate.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(19) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify, monitor, and manage the material risks to the covered clearing agency arising from arrangements in which firms that are indirect participants in the covered clearing agency rely on the services provided by direct participants in the covered clearing agency to access the covered clearing agency's payment, clearing, or settlement facilities (hereinafter “tiered participation arrangements”).
Registered clearing agencies are currently not subject to rules regarding tiered participation arrangements under existing Rule 17Ad–22. The Commission preliminarily believes the proposed rule is appropriate for covered clearing agencies, given the risks that a covered clearing agency's size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets, and is consistent with the requirements of the Exchange Act discussed above.
The Commission has previously noted that, in situations where direct access to clearing agencies is limited by reasonable participation standards, firms that do not meet these standards may still be able to access clearing agencies through correspondent clearing arrangements with direct participants.
In addition, the Commission is proposing to require that a covered clearing agency establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to regularly review the material risks to the covered clearing agency arising from such tiered participation arrangements.
The operational, financial, and other interconnections between direct and indirect participants to tiered participation arrangements are subject to market forces and can therefore change over time. Because direct and indirect participants collectively contribute to the operational and financial stability of a covered clearing agency, the Commission preliminarily believes that the requirement to regularly review a covered clearing agency's tiered participation arrangements supports the Exchange Act requirements that clearing agencies be able to facilitate prompt and accurate clearance and settlement, protect investors and the public interest, and ensure the safeguarding of securities and funds in the custody or control of the clearing agency or for which the clearing agency is responsible.
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to identify, monitor and manage the material risks to the covered clearing agency arising from arrangements in which firms that are indirect participants in the covered clearing agency rely on the services provided by direct participants to access the covered clearing agency's payment, clearing, or settlement facilities? Why or why not?
• Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding who would be “indirect participants” and “direct participants”? Why or why not?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(20) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify, monitor, and manage risks related to any link with one or more other clearing
In addition to the requirements discussed above,
Accordingly, the Commission is proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(20) to ensure that covered clearing agencies identify and assess the potential sources of risk arising from a link arrangement and incorporate that analysis into its risk management policies and procedures. In certain cases, the creation of a link may raise risks similar to those raised by tiered participation arrangements and participant requirements, discussed above: Namely, the interconnections between the clearing agency and the other entity may increase the risks to the clearing agency stemming from, among other things, the risks of participant default, credit losses, or liquidity shortfalls arising through the linked entity rather than the clearing agency's own operations.
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to identify, monitor, and manage risks related to any link the covered clearing agency establishes with one or more other clearing agencies, FMUs, or trading markets? Why or why not?
• Is the definition of “link” in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(a)(10) appropriate and sufficiently clear in light of the proposed requirements? Why or why not? Is there an alternative definition that the Commission should consider?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(21) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it is efficient and effective in meeting the requirements of its participants and the markets it serves.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(21) would further require a covered clearing agency's management to regularly review the efficiency and effectiveness of its (i) clearing and settlement arrangements; (ii) operating structure, including risk management policies, procedures, and systems; (iii) scope of products cleared, settled, or recorded; and (iv) use of technology and communication procedures.
For purposes of the proposed rule, efficiency refers generally to the efficient use of resources by a clearing agency to perform its functions, and effectiveness refers to its ability to meet its intended goals and objectives. A covered clearing agency that operates inefficiently or functions ineffectively may distort financial activity and market structure, increasing not only the risks borne by its members, but also the risks of indirect participants, such as the customers of participants or other buyers and sellers of securities. If a covered clearing agency is inefficient, a participant may choose not to trade or may choose to settle bilaterally, which could potentially result in greater risks to the U.S. financial system than would otherwise occur in the presence of a more efficiently functioning covered clearing agency.
In addition to the requirements discussed above,
The Commission is also proposing to require that a covered clearing agency regularly review the items identified in Rule 17Ad–22(e)(21)(i) through (iv) because the Commission preliminarily believes that they are reflective of key aspects of a clearing agency's business necessary for efficient and effective operation. Moreover, because technology, sound practices, market forces, and the number and characteristics of participants may change over time, the Commission preliminarily believes that measures of efficiency and effectiveness must be subject to policies and procedures for regular review.
• Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance on what policies and procedures would be necessary to ensure that a covered clearing agency is “efficient and effective” in meeting the requirements of the proposed rule? Why or why not?
• Is the proposed requirement for a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to regularly review the following aspects of its business and operations appropriate: Clearing and settlement arrangements; operating structure, including risk management policies, procedures, and systems; the scope of products cleared, settled, or recorded; and the use of technology and communication procedures? Why or why not? Should the Commission require that other aspects of a covered clearing agency's business and operations be subject to regular review?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(22) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it uses, or at a minimum accommodates, relevant internationally accepted communication procedures and standards in order to facilitate efficient payment, clearing, and settlement.
The ability of participants to communicate with a covered clearing agency in a timely, reliable, and accurate manner is important to achieving prompt and accurate clearance and settlement. The Commission preliminarily believes that requiring policies and procedures in line with internationally accepted communication procedures and standards is appropriate for a covered clearing agency for two reasons. First, internationally accepted communication procedures and standards, because they are widely accepted and adopted standards, reduce the likelihood of errors and technical complexity in the clearance and settlement process, thereby reducing risks and costs, improving efficiency, and reducing barriers to entry. Such procedures and standards would include standardized protocols for exchanging messages and reference data for identifying financial instruments and counterparties.
Second, internationally accepted communication procedures and standards ensure effective communication with direct and indirect participants, which the Commission preliminarily believes is important for covered clearing agencies, given the global nature of their businesses. Securities markets in the United States are among the largest and most actively traded in the world, with direct and indirect participants from numerous other countries that necessitate the development and use of internationally accepted communication procedures and standards. Accordingly, the Commission preliminarily believes that covered clearing agencies are likely to be engaged in transactions across borders, where standardized communications protocols and mechanisms are essential to ensure prompt and accurate clearance and settlement.
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to use, or at a minimum accommodate, relevant internationally accepted communication procedures and standards in order to facilitate efficient payment, clearing, and settlement? Why or why not?
• Is the Commission's assumption that covered clearing agencies are already using internationally accepted communication procedures correct? Why or why not?
• Has the Commission provided sufficient guidance on what “relevant internationally accepted communication procedures and standards” would be appropriate under the proposed policies and procedures requirement? Why or why not?
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain clear and comprehensive rules and procedures that provide for the specific disclosures enumerated in the rule, as discussed below.
The Commission is proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23) as part of a comprehensive set of rules for regulating covered clearing agencies that is consistent with and comparable to other domestic and international standards for FMIs.
The Commission notes that Rule 17Ad–22(c)(2) currently requires a registered clearing agency, within 60 days after the end of its fiscal year, to post on its Web site its annual audited financial statements.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(9) currently requires registered clearing agencies to have policies and procedures to facilitate disclosures similar to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23)(ii), but does not require policies and procedures similar to proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(23)(i) and (iii). The Commission preliminarily believes these additional requirements are appropriate for a covered clearing agency given the risks that a covered clearing agency's size, operation, and importance pose to the U.S. securities markets because these disclosures provide the relevant authorities with information that further facilitates supervision of the covered clearing agency, including information that may allow the relevant authorities to better assess the covered clearing agency's observance of risk management requirements and better identify possible risks posed by the covered clearing agency, and provide relevant stakeholders with information regarding risks associated with participation in a covered clearing agency.
In addition to the Exchange Act requirements described above,
Pursuant to existing Commission regulations, changes to the rules of an SRO, including clearing agencies, are required to be available on the SRO's Web site and are published by the Commission.
The Commission notes that these policies and procedures requirements are intended in part to codify disclosure practices currently undertaken by some registered clearing agencies on an elective basis.
Below is a discussion of the specific disclosures required under the proposed rule, which are not similarly required of registered clearing agencies under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(9). The Commission preliminarily believes that these additions to a covered clearing agency's disclosure practices are important to ensure clearing members and the public have access to up-to-date information about the covered clearing agency's activities, policies, and procedures, which would promote confidence in its operations and thereby contribute to the prompt and accurate clearance and settlement of securities transactions.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23)(iv) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain clear and comprehensive rules and procedures that provide for a comprehensive public disclosure of its material rules, policies, and procedures regarding governance arrangements and legal, financial, and operational risk management, accurate in all material respects at the time of publication, including (i) a general background of the covered clearing agency, including its function and the market it serves, basic data and performance statistics on its services and operations, such as basic volume and value statistics by product type, average aggregate intraday exposures to its participants, and statistics on the covered clearing agency's operational reliability, and a description of its general organization, legal and regulatory framework, and system design and operations; (ii) a standard-by-standard summary narrative for each applicable standard set forth in proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(1) through (22) with sufficient detail and context to enable the reader to understand its approach to controlling the risks and addressing the requirements in each standard; (iii) a summary of material changes since the last update of the disclosure; and (iv) an
The Commission preliminarily believes that disclosure of the above required information will provide participants with the information necessary to, at a minimum, identify and evaluate the risks and costs associated with use of the covered clearing agency, thereby promoting transparency and enhancing competition and market discipline. The Commission preliminarily believes it would also provide other stakeholders, including regulators and the public, with information that facilitates informed oversight and decision-making regarding covered clearing agencies.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23)(v) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure the comprehensive public disclosure required under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23)(iv) is updated not less than every two years, or more frequently following changes to its system or the environment in which it operates to the extent necessary, to ensure statements previously provided remain accurate in all material respects.
The Commission preliminarily believes that this requirement would help provide participants, regulators, other stakeholders, and the public with disclosures that are current, accurate, and comprehensive, thereby promoting transparency and enhancing competition and market discipline. The Commission preliminarily believes it would also provide other stakeholders, including regulators and the public, with timely information that facilitates informed oversight and decision-making regarding covered clearing agencies, thereby promoting the clearing agency obligations required under Section 17A of the Exchange Act.
The Commission generally requests comments on all aspects of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23). In addition, the Commission requests comments on the following specific issues:
• Should the Commission require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to maintain clear and comprehensive rules and procedures that provide for the specific disclosures proposed under Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23)? Why or why not? Are there rules and procedures that should not be fully disclosed to participants? Please explain in detail what such rules and procedures would be and why they should not be disclosed to participants.
• In imposing certain minimum requirements for policies and procedures regarding the comprehensive public disclosure, has the Commission provided sufficient guidance regarding what elements must appear in the disclosure? Should different elements appear? Should the Commission require policies and procedures to update the comprehensive public disclosure every two years, as proposed? Should the Commission require policies and procedures to update the comprehensive public disclosure more frequently following changes to its system or the environment in which it operates to the extent necessary to ensure the statements provided remain accurate in all material respects? Why or why not?
• Are certain ways that covered clearing agencies communicate information to market participants more effective than others? For example, does including information in a covered clearing agency's rulebook or published interpretive materials provide adequate notice of the risks and costs of being a participant to persons that are not currently participants in the covered clearing agency? Why or why not?
• Should the types of information that a covered clearing agency discloses under the proposed rule be generally available to the public? Should any categories of the information required to be disclosed under the proposed rule be restricted to certain parties only, such as clearing members or the Commission itself? Why or why not?
• Should the Commission require covered clearing agencies to make public disclosures of information contained in their audited financial statements that would provide a discussion and analysis of the covered clearing agency's financial condition, in particular with respect to liquidity, capital resources, and results of operations, similar to the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations disclosure required under Items 303(a)(1) through (3) of Regulation S–K?
• Should the Commission require that policies and procedures pursuant to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23) specify a certain form for the disclosures (
The Commission is proposing Rule 17Ab2–2 to establish procedures for the Commission to make determinations affecting covered clearing agencies.
The Commission notes that under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), five active registered clearing agencies would meet the definition of a covered clearing agency without action under proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 by the Commission.
Under proposed Rule 17Ab2–2(a), the Commission may, if it deems appropriate, upon application by any registered clearing agency or member thereof, or on its own initiative, determine whether a registered clearing agency should be considered a covered clearing agency.
The Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ab2–2(a) would provide the Commission with the flexibility necessary to achieve the goals of Section 17A of the Exchange Act,
Under proposed Rule 17Ab2–2(b), the Commission may, if it deems appropriate, upon application by any clearing agency or member thereof, or on its own initiative, determine whether a covered clearing agency meets the definition of “systemically important in multiple jurisdictions.”
The Commission preliminarily believes that it should propose the procedures set forth in Rule 17Ab2–2(b) for designating a covered clearing agency as systemically important in multiple jurisdictions. Accordingly, the Commission is proposing Rule 17Ab2–2(b) to provide procedures for determining when a clearing agency has become systemically important in multiple jurisdictions. In this regard, the Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ab2–2(b)(ii) is consistent with Section 804(a)(2)(D) of the Clearing Supervision Act.
Under proposed Rule 17Ab2–2(c), the Commission may, if it deems appropriate, determine whether any of the activities of a clearing agency providing central counterparty services, in addition to clearing agencies registered with the Commission for the purpose of clearing security-based swaps, have a more complex risk profile.
The Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ab2–2(c) would provide the Commission with the flexibility necessary to achieve the goals of Section 17A of the Exchange Act,
The Commission generally requests comments on all aspects of proposed Rule 17Ab2–2. In addition, the Commission requests comments on the following specific issues:
• Should the Commission establish procedures for making determinations affecting covered clearing agencies? Why or why not?
• In determining whether a clearing agency should be considered a covered clearing agency, should the Commission consider characteristics such as the clearing of financial instruments that are characterized by discrete jump-to-default price changes or that are highly correlated with potential participant defaults, as proposed? Why or why not? Are there particular other characteristics that the Commission should consider? If so, please explain the relevance of those characteristics in detail.
• Does the proposed rule sufficiently describe the types of factors that would be considered when the Commission considers a determination that a registered clearing agency is a covered clearing agency? What factors should be considered?
• Should the Commission, if it deems appropriate, determine whether a covered clearing agency is systemically important in multiple jurisdictions? Why or why not? If not, what alternative approach should the Commission use to assess whether a covered clearing agency is systemically important in multiple jurisdictions? For instance, what weight should the Commission give to determinations by other jurisdictions or regulators regarding the systemic importance in multiple jurisdictions of a covered clearing agency? Is it appropriate for the Commission to assess whether such determination was made through a process that includes consideration of whether the foreseeable effects of a failure or disruption of the designated clearing agency could threaten the stability of each relevant jurisdiction's financial system, as proposed? Please explain. Are there particular other factors that the Commission should consider? If so, please explain the relevance of those characteristics in detail.
• Does the proposed rule sufficiently describe the types of factors that would be considered when the Commission considers a determination that a covered clearing agency is systemically important in multiple jurisdictions? What factors should be considered?
• In determining whether any of the activities of a clearing agency providing CCP services have a more complex risk profile, should the Commission consider characteristics such as the clearing of financial instruments that are characterized by discrete jump-to-default price changes or that are highly correlated with potential participant defaults, as proposed? Why or why not? Are there particular other characteristics that the Commission should consider? If so, please explain the relevance of those characteristics in detail.
• Does the proposed rule sufficiently describe the types of factors that would be considered when the Commission considers a determination that a clearing agency is a complex risk profile clearing agency? What factors should be considered?
• Does the proposed process for determinations under Rule 17Ab2–2 conflict with the PFMI Report's use of “systemic importance in multiple jurisdictions” and “more complex risk profile” activities? If so, please explain.
The Commission is proposing Rule 17Ad–22(f) to codify its special enforcement authority over designated clearing agencies for which the Commission acts as the supervisory agency, pursuant to the Clearing Supervision Act. Under Section 807(c) of the Clearing Supervision Act, for purposes of enforcing the provisions of the Clearing Supervision Act, a designated clearing agency is subject to, and the Commission has authority under, the provisions of subsections (b) through (n) of Section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act in the same manner and to the same extent as if a designated clearing agency were an insured depository institution and the Commission were the appropriate Federal banking agency for such insured depository institution.
To facilitate consistency with proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), the
The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (“PRA”)
Certain provisions of the proposed rules would impose new “collection of information” requirements within the meaning of the PRA. Accordingly, the Commission has submitted the information to the OMB for review in accordance with 44 U.S.C. 3507 and 5 CFR 1320.11. A title and control number already exists for Rule 17Ad–22 adopted in October 2012 (OMB Control No. 3235–0695 for “Clearing Agency Standards for Operation and Governance”). Because the Commission is proposing to revise the collection of information under this proposed rulemaking for amendments to Rule 17Ad–22, the Commission will use OMB Control No. 3235–0695 for the collections of information for proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e).
Additionally, proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 would contain a new collection of information requirement for PRA purposes. The title of the new collection of information under this proposed rulemaking is Determinations Affecting Covered Clearing Agencies (a proposed new collection of information).
The Commission preliminarily believes information that would be required to be collected by virtue of written policies and procedure requirements contained in this proposed rulemaking reflects to a degree existing practices at covered clearing agencies.
With regard to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), given that several provisions of the proposed rule are intended to be consistent with Rule 17Ad–22, the Commission preliminarily believes that covered clearing agencies currently in compliance with the requirements of existing Rule 17Ad–22 may already have some written rules and procedures similar to those in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e). Accordingly, when covered clearing agencies review and update their policies and procedures in order to come into compliance with proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), the Commission preliminarily believes that the PRA burden would vary across the requirements of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), based on the complexities of the requirements under each paragraph of the proposed rule and the extent to which covered clearing agencies currently comply with the proposed requirements under their existing policies and procedures.
The portions of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) for which the PRA burden is preliminarily expected to be higher are the provisions contemplating requirements not addressed in Rule 17Ad–22, as discussed in Part II.A.4. Because these proposed requirements may not reflect established practices of covered clearing agencies or reflect the normal course of their activities, the PRA burden for these proposed rules may entail both initial one-time burdens to create new written policies and procedures and ongoing burdens. The expected PRA burden for the proposed rules is discussed in detail below.
In addition to the collection of information requirements imposed under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 also would contain collection of information requirements for PRA purposes. Proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 establishes a process for making determinations regarding whether or not a clearing agency would be a covered clearing agency and whether a covered clearing agency is either involved in activities with a more complex risk profile or systemically important in multiple jurisdictions.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(1) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for a well-founded, clear, transparent and enforceable legal basis for each aspect of its activities in all relevant jurisdictions.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for governance arrangements that are clear and transparent, clearly prioritize the safety and efficiency of the covered clearing agency, and support the public interest requirements of Section 17A of the Exchange Act, and the objectives of owners and participants. Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2) would also require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for governance arrangements reasonably designed to establish that the covered clearing agency's board of directors and senior management have appropriate experience and skills to discharge their duties and responsibilities.
The purpose of this collection of information is to promote boards of directors that are composed of qualified members and that exercise oversight of the covered clearing agency's management, while also prioritizing the safety and efficiency of the covered clearing agency and supporting the public interest.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain a sound risk management framework for comprehensively managing legal, credit, liquidity, operational, general business, investment, custody, and other risks that arise in or are borne by the covered clearing agency. Under the proposed rule, risk management policies, procedures, and systems must provide for the identifying, measuring, monitoring, and managing of risks that arise in or are borne by the covered clearing agency. Such policies and procedures must be subject to review on a specified periodic basis and be approved by the board of directors annually. The proposed rule would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for plans for the recovery and orderly wind-down of the covered clearing agency in the event of credit losses, liquidity shortfalls, losses from general business risk, or any other losses. The proposed rule would also require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to establish that risk management and internal audit personnel have sufficient resources, authority, and independence from management. The proposed rule would further require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to establish that risk management and internal audit personnel have a direct reporting line to, and are overseen by, a risk management committee and an audit committee of the board of directors, respectively. The proposed rule would also require policies and procedures providing for an independent audit committee.
The purpose of this collection of information is to enhance a covered clearing agency's ability to identify, monitor, and manage the risks clearing agencies face, including by subjecting the relevant policies and procedures to regular review, and to facilitate an orderly recovery and wind-down process in the event that a covered clearing agency is unable to continue operating as a going concern.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to effectively identify, measure, monitor, and manage its credit exposures to each participant and those exposures arising from payment, clearing, and settlement processes. Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain sufficient financial resources to cover its credit exposure to each member fully with a high degree of confidence. To the extent not already maintained pursuant to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i), a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services would also have to establish, implement, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures to meet either the “cover one” requirement under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(iii) or, if it is a complex risk profile clearing agency or systemically important in multiple jurisdictions, the “cover two” requirement under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(ii).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(iv) would require covered clearing agencies to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to cover its credit exposures by including prefunded financial resources and excluding assessments for additional guaranty fund contributions or other resources that are not prefunded, when calculating financial resources available to meet the requirements under proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i) through (iii), as applicable.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(v) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain the financial resources required under proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i) through (iii), as applicable, in combined or separately maintained clearing or guaranty funds, and to test the sufficiency of its total financial resources by conducting a stress test of total financial resources once each day
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(vi) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to test the sufficiency of its total financial resources available to meet the minimum financial resource requirements under proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i) through (iii), as applicable, by conducting stress tests and other comprehensive analyses. Specifically, those would include conducting a stress test of its total financial resources once each day using standard predetermined parameters and assumptions. It would also include conducting a comprehensive analysis on at least a monthly basis of the existing stress testing scenarios, models, and underlying parameters and assumptions, and considering modifications to ensure that they are appropriate for determining the covered clearing agency's required level of default protection in light of current market conditions. It would also include conducting a comprehensive analysis of stress testing scenarios, models, and underlying parameters and assumptions more frequently than monthly when the products cleared or markets served display high volatility, become less liquid, or when the size or concentration of positions held by its participants increases significantly. It would also include reporting the results of this analysis to appropriate decision makers, including its risk management committee or board of directors, and to use these results to evaluate the adequacy of and adjust its margin methodology, model parameters, models used to generate clearing or guaranty fund requirements, and any other relevant aspects of its credit risk management policies and procedures, in supporting compliance with the minimum financial resources requirements discussed above.
Finally, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(vii) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require the covered clearing agency to perform a conforming model validation for its credit risk models at least annually, or more frequently if dictated by the covered clearing agency's risk management policies and procedures established under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3).
Rule 17Ad–22(e)(5) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to limit the assets it accepts as collateral to those with low credit, liquidity, and market risks. It also would require policies that set and enforce appropriately conservative haircuts and concentration limits if the covered clearing agency requires collateral to manage its or its participants' credit exposure and would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require a not-less-than-annual review of the sufficiency of its collateral haircut and concentration limits.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to cover its credit exposures to its participants by establishing a risk-based margin system. The proposed rule would require such margin system to consider, and produce margin levels commensurate with, the risks and particular attributes of each relevant product, portfolio, and market. Furthermore, under the proposed rule the margin system would mark participant positions to market and collect margin, including variation margin or equivalent charges if relevant, at least daily, and include the authority and operational capacity to make intraday margin calls in defined circumstances. The proposed rule also requires policies and procedures with respect to the following: The calculation of margin sufficient to cover a covered clearing agency's potential future exposure to participants in the interval between the last margin collection and close out of positions following a participant default; the use of reliable sources of timely price data and procedures and sound valuation models for addressing circumstances in which pricing data are not readily available or reliable; and the use of an appropriate method for measuring credit exposure that accounts for relevant product risk factors and portfolio effects across products.
In addition to requiring policies and procedures with respect to a risk-based margin system, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to regularly review, test, and verify risk-based margin systems by conducting backtests at least once each day and, at least monthly, a conforming sensitivity analysis of its margin resources and its parameters and assumptions for backtesting, and consider modifications to ensure the backtesting practices are appropriate for determining the adequacy of its margin resources. Such review, testing, and verification would include conducting a conforming sensitivity analysis more frequently than monthly when the products cleared or markets served display high volatility, become less liquid, or when the size or concentration of positions held by participants increase or decrease significantly. The proposed rule would also require a covered clearing agency providing CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to report the results of such conforming sensitivity analysis to appropriate decision makers, including its risk management committee or board of directors, and use these results to evaluate the adequacy of and adjust its margin methodology, model parameters, and any other relevant aspects of its credit risk management policies and procedures. Finally, under such policies and procedures, a not less than annual conforming model validation would be required for the covered clearing agency's margin system and related models.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to effectively measure, monitor, and manage the liquidity risk that arises in or is borne by the covered clearing agency, including measuring, monitoring, and managing its settlement and funding flows on an ongoing and timely basis and its use of intraday liquidity. Under the proposed rule, a covered clearing agency would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain sufficient liquid resources in all relevant currencies to effect same-day and,
For the purposes of meeting such liquid resource requirements, a covered clearing agency would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require the holding of qualifying liquid resources in each relevant currency for which clearing activities are performed, limited to (i) cash at the central bank of issue or at creditworthy commercial banks; (ii) assets that are readily available and convertible into cash through prearranged funding arrangements without material adverse change provisions, such as committed lines of credit, committed foreign exchange swaps, committed repurchase agreements, and other prearranged funding arrangements determined to be highly reliable even in extreme but plausible market conditions by the board of directors, following an annual review conducted for this purpose; and (iii) other assets that are readily available and eligible for pledging to (or conducting other appropriate forms of transactions with) a relevant central bank, provided that the covered clearing agency had access to routine credit at the central bank.
With respect to a covered clearing agency's sources of liquidity, the proposed rule would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to undertake due diligence to confirm that it has a reasonable basis to believe each of its liquidity providers, whether or not such liquidity provider is a clearing member, has sufficient information to understand and manage the liquidity provider's liquidity risks, and the capacity to perform as required under its commitments to provide liquidity. Furthermore, under such policies and procedures, on at least an annual basis, a covered clearing agency would be required to maintain and test with each liquidity provider to the extent practicable the covered clearing agency's procedures and operational capacity for accessing each type of liquidity resource by conducting stress testing of its liquidity resources using standard and predetermined parameters and assumptions at least once each day. Additionally, a covered clearing agency would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to determine the amount and regularly test the sufficiency of the liquid resources held for purposes of meeting the minimum liquid resource requirement by (i) conducting a stress test of its liquidity resources using standard and predetermined parameters and assumptions at least once each day; and (ii) conducting a comprehensive analysis of the existing stress testing scenarios, models, and underlying parameters and assumptions used in evaluating liquidity needs and resources, and considering modifications to ensure they are appropriate in light of current and evolving market conditions at least once a month and more frequently when products cleared or markets served display high volatility, become less liquid, or when the size or concentration of positions held by participants increase significantly.
Under such policies and procedures required by the proposed rule, stress test results must be reported to appropriate decision makers, including the risk management committee or board of directors, at the covered clearing agency for use in evaluating the adequacy of and adjusting its liquidity risk management policies and procedures. A covered clearing agency would also be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to perform an annual conforming model validation of its liquidity risk models and would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to address foreseeable liquidity shortfalls that would not be covered by its liquid resources and to seek to avoid unwinding, revoking, or delaying the same-day settlement of payment obligations. Additionally, a covered clearing agency would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures that describe the covered clearing agency's process to replenish any liquid resources that may be employed during a stress event.
Finally, a covered clearing agency would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require the covered clearing agency to undertake an analysis at least once a year that evaluates the feasibility of maintaining sufficient liquid resources at a minimum in all relevant currencies to effect same-day and, where appropriate, intraday and multiday settlement of payment obligations with a high degree of confidence under a wide range of foreseeable stress scenarios that includes, but is not limited to, the default of the two participant families that would potentially cause the largest aggregate credit exposure for the covered clearing agency in extreme but plausible market conditions if the covered clearing agency provides central counterparty services and is either systemically important in multiple jurisdictions or a clearing agency involved in activities with a more complex risk profile.
The purpose of this information collection is to enable a covered clearing agency to be able to effectively identify and limit exposures to participants, to maintain sufficient collateral or margin, and to satisfy all of its settlement obligations in the event of a participant default.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(8) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to define the point at which settlement is final no later than the end of the day on which the payment or obligation is due and, where necessary or appropriate, either intraday or in real time.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(9) would require covered clearing agencies to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to have the covered clearing agency conduct its money settlements in central bank money, where available and determined to be
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(10) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies reasonably designed to set forth transparent written standards regarding a clearing agency's obligations with respect to the delivery of physical instruments, as well as operational practices that identify, monitor, and manage the risk associated with such physical deliveries.
The purpose of this information collection is to promote consistent standards of timing and reliability in the settlement process, promote reliability in a covered clearing agency's settlement operations, and to provide a covered clearing agency's participants with information necessary to evaluate the risks and costs associated with participation in the covered clearing agency.
The purpose of this collection of information is to reduce securities transfer processing costs and risks associated with securities settlement and custody, increase the speed and efficiency of the settlement process, and eliminate risk in transactions with linked obligations.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11) would require a covered CSD to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to implement internal auditing and other controls to safeguard the rights of securities issuers and holders and prevent the unauthorized creation or deletion of securities. A covered CSD would also be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to conduct periodic and at least daily reconciliation of securities issues that the CSD maintains. Additionally, the proposed rule would require a covered CSD to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain securities in an immobilized or dematerialized form, ensure the integrity of securities issues, and minimize and manage the risks associated with the safekeeping and transfer of securities, as well as protect assets against custody risk.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(12) would require a covered clearing agency that settles transactions involving the settlement of two linked obligations to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to eliminate principal risk by conditioning the final settlement of one obligation upon the final settlement of the other, irrespective of whether the covered clearing agency settles on a gross or net basis and when finality occurs.
The purpose of this collection of information is to facilitate the functioning of a covered clearing agency in the event that a participant fails to meet its obligations, as well as limit the extent to which a participant's failure can spread to other participants or the covered clearing agency itself, and to ensure the safe and effective holding and transfer of customers' positions and collateral in the event of a participant's default or insolvency.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13) would require covered clearing agencies providing CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that a covered clearing agency subject to this rule has sufficient authority and operational capability to contain losses and liquidity demands in a timely fashion and continue to meet its own obligations. The proposed rule would also require that a covered clearing agency subject to the rule establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to address the allocation of credit losses it may face if its collateral or other resources are insufficient to fully cover its credit exposures, describe the process whereby the clearing agency would replenish any financial resources it may use following a default or other event in which the use of such resources is contemplated, and require participants and other stakeholders, to the extent applicable, to participate in the testing and review of its default procedures, including any close out procedures. Under such policies and procedures, the testing and review must occur at least annually and following any material changes thereto.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(14) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services for security-based swaps or engages in activities that the Commission has determined to have a more complex risk profile to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to enable the segregation and portability of positions of a participant's customers and collateral and effectively protect such positions and collateral from the default or insolvency of that participant.
The purpose of this collection of information is to mitigate the potential impairment of a covered clearing agency as a result of a decline in revenues or increase in expenses, to limit disruptions that may impede the proper functioning of a covered clearing agency, and to improve the ability of a covered clearing agency to meet its settlement obligations.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify, monitor, and manage general business risk and hold sufficient liquid net assets funded by equity to cover potential general business losses so that the covered clearing agency can continue operations and services as a going concern if losses materialize. Covered clearing agencies would also be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to determine the amount of liquid net assets funded by equity based upon the general risk profile of that clearing agency and the
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(16) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to safeguard its own assets, as well as the assets of its participants, and to minimize the risk of loss and delay in access to such assets. A covered clearing agency would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to invest such assets in instruments with minimal credit, market and liquidity risks.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(17) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage operational risk. A covered clearing agency would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify the plausible sources of operational risk, both internal and external, and mitigate their impact through the use of appropriate systems, policies, procedures, and controls. A covered clearing agency would also be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that systems have a high degree of security, resiliency, operational reliability, and adequate, scalable capacity. The proposed rule would also require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to establish and maintain a business continuity plan that addresses events posing a significant risk of disrupting operations.
The purpose of the collection of information is to enable a covered clearing agency to ensure that only entities with sufficient financial and operational capacity are direct participants in the covered clearing agency while ensuring that all qualified persons can access a covered clearing agency's services; to enable a covered clearing agency to monitor that participation requirements are met on an ongoing basis and to identify a participant experiencing financial difficulties before the participant fails to meet its settlement obligations; and to enable a covered clearing agency to identify and manage risks posed by non-member entities.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(18) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to establish objective, risk-based, and publicly disclosed criteria for participation, which permit fair and open access by direct and, where relevant, indirect participants and other FMUs, and require participants to have sufficient financial resources and robust operational capacity to meet obligations arising from participation in the clearing agency. A covered clearing agency would also be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to monitor compliance with such participation requirements on an ongoing basis.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(19) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify, monitor, and manage the material risks to the covered clearing agency arising from arrangements in which firms that are indirect participants rely on services provided by direct participants to access the covered clearing agency's payment, clearing, or settlement facilities.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(20) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify, monitor, and manage risks related to any link with one or more other clearing agencies, FMUs, or trading markets.
The purpose of this collection of information is to ensure that the services provided by a covered clearing agency do not become inefficient and to promote the sound operation of a covered clearing agency. The collection of information is also intended to ensure the prompt and accurate clearance and settlement of securities transactions by enabling participants to communicate with a clearing agency in a timely, reliable, and accurate manner.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(21) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require the covered clearing agency to be efficient and effective in meeting the requirements of its participants and the markets it serves. Additionally, the rule would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to have the management of a covered clearing agency regularly review the efficiency and effectiveness of the covered clearing agency's (i) clearing and settlement arrangement; (ii) operating structure, including risk management policies, procedures, and systems; (iii) scope of products cleared, settled, or recorded; and (iv) use of technology and communications procedures.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(22) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to use, or at a minimum, accommodate, relevant internationally accepted communication procedures and standards in order to facilitate efficient payment, clearing, and settlement.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain clear and comprehensive rules and procedures that provide for (i) publicly disclosing all relevant rules and material procedures, including key aspects of default rules and procedures; (ii) providing sufficient information to enable participants to identify and evaluate the risks, fees, and other material costs incurred by participating in a covered clearing agency; and (iii) publicly disclosing relevant basic data on transaction volume and values. The proposed rule would also require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain clear and comprehensive rules and procedures that provide for a comprehensive public disclosure of its material rules, policies, and procedures regarding governance arrangements and legal, financial, and operational risk management that is accurate in all material respects at the time of publication and to update this public disclosure every two years, or more frequently following changes to the clearing agency's system or the environment in which it operates to the extent necessary to ensure that previous statements remain accurate in all material respects.
Proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 establishes a process for making determinations regarding whether a clearing agency is a covered clearing agency and whether a covered clearing agency is either involved in activities with a more complex risk profile or systemically important in multiple jurisdictions.
The Commission estimates that the majority of the proposed requirements under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) would apply to five registered clearing agencies. The proposed requirements in proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(1) through (23) would impose a PRA burden on covered clearing agencies. A covered clearing agency is defined under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(a)(7) as any designated clearing agency, clearing agency involved in activities with a more complex risk profile for which the CFTC is not the supervisory agency as defined in Section 803(8) of the Clearing Supervision Act, or a clearing agency determined by the Commission to be a covered clearing agency pursuant to proposed Rule 17Ab2–2.
In addition to the four designated clearing agencies for which the Commission is the supervisory agency, a fifth clearing agency would also be subject to the proposed rules as a complex risk profile clearing agency that provides CCP services for security-based swaps for which the CFTC is not the supervisory agency under the Clearing Supervision Act.
While the proposed rules would be applicable to the five registered clearing agencies currently captured by the definition of covered clearing agency, the Commission estimates that two additional entities may seek to register with the Commission and that one of these entities may seek to register in order to provide CCP services for security-based swaps. Upon registration, these two entities may be deemed covered clearing agencies and would be subject to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e).
The number of covered clearing agencies subject to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) could increase if the FSOC designates additional clearing agencies as systemically important.
With regard to proposed Rule 17Ab2–2, the Commission preliminarily estimates for purposes of the PRA analysis that two registered clearing agencies or their members on their behalf will apply for a Commission determination, or may be subject to a Commission-initiated determination, regarding whether the registered clearing agency is a covered clearing agency, whether a registered clearing agency is involved in activities with a more complex risk profile, or whether a covered clearing agency is systemically important in multiple jurisdictions.
The Commission preliminarily believes that the potential PRA burden imposed by the requirements under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) will vary depending on the requirement in question because registered clearing agencies are subject to existing requirements under Rule 17Ad–22 that, in some cases, are similar to those in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), as discussed in Part II.
First, because proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(1), (8) through (10), (12), (14),
Second, because proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(2), (3), (5), (11), (13), (17), (18), (20), and (21) contain provisions that are similar to those under existing Rule 17Ad–22 but would impose additional requirements that do not appear in existing Rule 17Ad–22, the Commission preliminarily believes that covered clearing agencies may need to make changes to update their policies and procedures to satisfy the proposed requirements. In these cases, as an example, a covered clearing agency may need to review and amend its existing rule book, policies, and procedures but may not need to develop, design, or implement new operations and practices to satisfy the proposed requirements.
Third, for proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4), (6), (7), (15), (19), and (23), for which no similar existing requirements under Rule 17Ad–22 have been identified,
The Commission requests comment regarding the accuracy of the estimates discussed below.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(1) contains substantially the same requirements as Rule 17Ad–22(d)(1).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(1) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed rule would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2) contains some provisions that are similar to Rule 17Ad–22(d)(8), but also adds additional requirements that do not appear in existing Rule 17Ad–22.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed requirement would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the proposed rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3) would require a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for a sound risk management framework.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed requirement would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the proposed rule and activities related to preparing documents facilitating a periodic review of the risk management framework. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
The Commission preliminarily believes that the estimated PRA burdens for proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4) would be more significant, as changes to existing policies and procedures would involve more than adjustments and may require a respondent clearing agency to make substantial changes to its policies and procedures.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed rule would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities
Respondent clearing agencies that would be subject to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(5) may already have some written policies and procedures designed to address the collateral risks borne by these entities.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(5) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed requirement would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the proposed rule and would also result in an annual review of collateral haircuts and concentration limits. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
The Commission preliminarily believes that the estimated PRA burdens for proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6) would be more significant and may require a respondent clearing agency to make substantial changes to its policies and procedures.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed requirement would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the proposed rule and activities associated with the daily backtesting and monthly (or more frequent) sensitivity analysis requirements and annual model validation. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
The Commission preliminarily believes that the estimated PRA burdens for proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7) would be more significant and may require a respondent clearing agency to make substantial changes to its policies and procedures.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed requirement would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the proposed rule as well as activities related to the testing of sufficiency of liquidity resources and the testing of access to liquidity providers. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(8) contains substantially similar provisions to Rule 17Ad–22(d)(12).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(8) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed requirements would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the proposed rules. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(9) contains substantially similar provisions to Rule 17Ad–22(d)(5).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(9) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed requirement would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the proposed rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(10) contains substantially similar provisions to Rule 17Ad–22(d)(15).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(10) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed requirement would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the proposed rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11) contains similar provisions to Rule 17Ad–22(d)(10).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(11) would also impose ongoing burdens on the respondent clearing agency providing CSD services. The proposed requirement would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the proposed rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(12) contains substantially similar provisions to Rule 17Ad–22(d)(13).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(12) would also impose ongoing burdens on a covered clearing agency. The proposed requirement would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the proposed rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13) would require a respondent clearing agency to have written policies and procedures reasonably designed to address participant default and ensure that the clearing agency can contain losses and liquidity demands and continue to meet its obligations. Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13) contains similar provisions to Rule 17Ad–22(d)(11) but would also impose additional requirements that do not appear in existing Rule 17Ad–22.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. Specifically, the proposed rule would require annual review and testing of a clearing agency's default policies and procedures. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Registered clearing agencies that provide CCP services for security-based swaps generally have written policies and procedures regarding the segregation and portability of customer positions and collateral as a result of applicable regulations but not existing Rule 17Ad–22.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(14) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency that provides CCP services for security-based swaps. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Respondent clearing agencies would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify and manage general business risks borne by the clearing agency. Policies and procedures governing the identification and mitigation of general business risk are not currently required under existing Rule 17Ad–22 and, as a result, the Commission preliminarily believes that the estimated PRA burdens for proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15) would be more significant and may require a respondent clearing agency to make substantial changes to its policies and procedures.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15) would also imposed ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15) would require a respondent clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain a viable plan, approved by its board of directors and updated at least annually, for raising additional equity in the event that the covered clearing agency's liquid net assets fall below the level required by the proposed rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
A registered clearing agency is currently required to have written policies and procedures reasonably designed to address, in large part, the safeguarding of assets of its assets and those of its participants under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(3).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(16) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. It would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the policies and procedures implemented in response to the requirements of the proposed rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(17) contains similar requirements to those under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(4) but would also impose additional requirements that do not appear in existing Rule 17Ad–22.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(17) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. Specifically, the proposed rule would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(18) contains similar requirements to those in existing Rules 17Ad–22(b)(5) through (7) and (d)(2).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(18) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. Specifically, the proposed rule would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Respondent clearing agencies would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to address material risks associated from tiered participation arrangements as required by proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(19). Tiered participation arrangements are not addressed in existing Rule 17Ad–22. To the extent that a respondent clearing agency has not addressed tiered participation arrangements in its policies and procedures, the Commission preliminarily believes that the respondent clearing agency would need to create policies and procedures to address these proposed requirements. In this regard, the PRA burden for proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(19) would impose one-time initial burdens to create policies and procedures. The Commission preliminarily estimates that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(19) would impose an aggregate one-time burden on respondent clearing agencies of 308 hours to create said policies and procedures.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(19) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. Specifically, the proposed rule would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Registered clearing agencies are currently required to have written policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage risks related to links between the clearing agency and others under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(7). Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(20) contains similar requirements, but also imposes additional requirements.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(20) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. Specifically, the proposed rule would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance
Registered clearing agencies are currently required to have written policies and procedures requiring the clearing agency to be cost effective with respect to meeting the requirements of its participants and the markets it serves under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(6), and proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(21) contains similar requirements but also imposes new requirements.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(21) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. The proposed rule would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures required under the proposed rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Respondent clearing agencies would be required to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to implement the requirements of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(22) with respect to the use of relevant internationally accepted communication procedures and standards. Although registered clearing agencies are not subject to an existing similar requirement under Rule 17Ad–22, the Commission understands that covered clearing agencies currently use the relevant internationally accepted communication procedures and standards and expects a covered clearing agency would need to make only limited changes to satisfy the requirements under the proposed rule.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(22) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. Specifically, the proposed rule would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23) contains similar requirements to Rule 17Ad–22(d)(9) but also imposes substantial new requirements.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23) would also impose ongoing burdens on a respondent clearing agency. Specifically, the proposed rule would require ongoing monitoring and compliance activities with respect to the written policies and procedures created in response to the rule. Based on the Commission's previous estimates for ongoing monitoring and compliance burdens with respect to existing Rule 17Ad–22,
The aggregate initial burden for respondent clearing agencies under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) would be 10,664 hours. The aggregate ongoing burden for respondent clearing agencies under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) would be 3,460 hours.
Proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 would govern Commission determinations as to whether a registered clearing agency is a covered clearing agency and whether a covered clearing agency is either involved in activities with a more complex risk profile or systemically important in multiple jurisdictions.
The collection of information relating to proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(1) through (3), 17Ad–22(e)(4)(ii) through (v), 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i) through (ix), and 17Ad–22(e)(8) through (23) would be mandatory for all respondent clearing agencies. The collection of information requirement relating to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(i) and 17Ad–22(e)(7)(x) would be mandatory for a respondent clearing agency that provides CCP services and that is designated by the Commission either as systemically important in multiple jurisdictions or as a complex risk profile clearing agency. The collection of information requirement relating to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6) would be mandatory for a respondent clearing agency that provides CCP services.
The collection of information requirement relating to proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 is voluntary.
The Commission preliminarily expects that the written policies and procedures generated pursuant to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) would be communicated to the members, subscribers, and employees (as applicable) of all entities covered by the proposed rule and the public (as applicable). To the extent that this information is made available to the Commission, it would not be kept confidential. Such policies and procedures would be required to be preserved in accordance with, and for periods specified in, Exchange Act Rules 17a–1
To the extent that the Commission receives confidential information pursuant to the collection of information under proposed Rule 17Ab2–2, the Commission preliminarily expects such information would be kept confidential subject to the provisions of applicable law.
The Commission invites comments on all of the above estimates. Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(B), the Commission requests comment in order to (a) evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of our functions, including whether the information will have practical utility; (b) evaluate the accuracy of our estimates of the burden of the collection of information; (c) determine whether there are ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; (d) evaluate whether there are ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who respond, including through the use of automated collection techniques or other forms of information technology; and (e) determine whether there are cost savings associated with the collection of information that have not been identified in this proposal.
Persons submitting comments on the collection of information requirements should direct them to the Office of Management and Budget, Attention: Desk Officer for the Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Washington, DC 20503, and should also send a copy of their comments to Kevin M. O'Neill, Deputy Secretary, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 20549–1090, with reference to File No. S7–03–14. Requests for materials submitted to OMB by the Commission with regard to this collection of information should be in writing, with reference to File No. S7–03–14, and be submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Investor Education and Advocacy, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 20549–0213. As OMB is required to make a decision concerning the collections of information between 30 and 60 days after publication, a comment to OMB is best assured of having its full effect if OMB receives it by April 25, 2014.
The purpose of the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and of proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 is to establish requirements for the operation and governance of registered clearing agencies that meet the definition of a “covered clearing agency.” Registered clearing agencies have become an essential part of the infrastructure of the U.S. securities markets. Many securities transactions are centrally cleared and settled, and central clearing and settlement is becoming more prevalent in the security-based swap markets. For example, DTCC reported processing $1.6 quadrillion in transactions in 2012.
ICE began clearing corporate single-name CDS in December 2009, and as of February 1, 2013, had cleared $1.9 trillion gross notional of single-name CDS on 153 North American corporate reference
ICEEU began clearing CDS on single-name corporate reference entities in December 2009, and, as of February 1, 2013, had cleared €1.6 trillion in gross notional of single-name CDS on 121 European corporate reference entities.
The mandated central clearing and settlement of security-based swaps wherever possible and appropriate, a core component of Title VII, reinforces this need.
Clearing agencies have several incentives to implement comprehensive risk management programs. First, the ongoing viability of a clearing agency depends on its reputation and the confidence that market participants have in its services. Clearing agencies therefore have an incentive to minimize the likelihood that a member default or operational outage would disrupt settlement. Second, some clearing agencies, including those that mutualize default risks, contribute a portion of their own capital as part of their contingent resources. Clearing agencies with such capital contributions to their contingent resources thus have an economic interest in sound risk management. Registered clearing agencies are SROs that enforce applicable rules and requirements under Commission oversight and are also in certain instances subject to CFTC oversight.
Nevertheless, clearing agencies' incentives for sound risk management may be tempered by pressures to reduce costs and maximize profits that are distinct from the public interest goals set forth in governing statutes, such as financial stability, and may result in clearing agencies choosing tradeoffs between the costs and benefits of risk management that are not socially efficient. Because the current market for clearing services is characterized by high barriers to entry and limited competition,
As discussed in more detail below, the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 represent a strengthening of the Commission's regulation of registered clearing agencies. The Commission preliminarily believes that the more specific requirements imposed by the proposed amendments will further mitigate potential moral hazard associated with risk management at covered clearing agencies. For instance, in the absence of policies and procedures that require periodic stress-testing and validation of credit and liquidity risk models, clearing agencies could potentially choose to recalibrate models in periods of low volatility and avoid recalibration in periods of high volatility, causing them to underestimate the risks they face.
The Commission also preliminarily believes that the additional specificity of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), along with proposed testing requirements, would be more effective at mitigating these particular manifestations of incentive misalignments than existing Rule 17Ad–22. The Commission preliminarily believes, as a result, that a general benefit of the proposed amendments would be reductions in the likelihood of CCP failure that result from improved safeguards. This general benefit would be realized to the extent that clearing agencies do not already conform to new requirements under the proposed amendments. Despite the potential incentive problems noted above and perhaps in anticipation of regulatory efforts, some registered clearing agencies have taken steps to update their policies and procedures in accordance with the standards contained in the proposed rules. The Commission notes that in some instances the proposed rules establish as a minimum regulatory requirement
In analyzing the economic consequences and effects of the rules proposed in this release, the Commission has been guided by the objectives of Section 17A of the Exchange Act to have due regard for the public interest, the protection of investors, the safeguarding of securities and funds, the maintenance of fair competition, and to otherwise further the purposes of the Exchange Act through the registration and regulation of clearing agencies.
The Commission preliminarily believes that the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 are consistent with the goals of Section 17A of the Exchange Act, to promote the prompt and accurate clearing and settlement of transactions in securities, of the Clearing Supervision Act, to enhance the supervision and oversight of clearing entities, and of Title VII, to create a robust regulatory structure for security-based swaps. In proposing these rules, the Commission is also mindful of the benefits that would accrue through maintaining consistency with regulations adopted by the Board and the CFTC.
The Commission is sensitive to the economic consequences and effects of the proposed rules, including their benefits and costs. In proposing these rules, the Commission has been mindful of the economic consequences of the decisions it makes regarding the scope of applying the proposed rules to covered clearing agencies. Moreover, the Commission acknowledges that, since many of the proposed rules require a covered clearing agency to adopt new policies and procedures, the economic effects and consequences of the proposed rules include those flowing from the substantive results of those new policies and procedures. Under Section 3(f) of the Exchange Act, whenever the Commission engages in rulemaking under the Exchange Act and is required to consider or determine whether an action is necessary or appropriate in the public interest, it must consider, in addition to the protection of investors, whether the action will promote efficiency, competition, and capital formation.
The Commission has attempted, where possible, to quantify the benefits and costs anticipated to flow from the proposed rules. In some cases, as indicated below, data to quantify the benefits and costs associated with the proposed rules are unavailable. For example, implementing policies and procedures that require stress testing of financial resources available to a covered clearing agency at least once each day may require additional investment in infrastructure, but the particular infrastructure requirements will depend on existing systems and a covered clearing agency's choice of modeling techniques. In other cases, quantification depends heavily on factors outside the control of the Commission, particularly with regard to the number of potential new entrants affected by the proposed rules that in the future may be designated systemically important by the FSOC.
Overall, the Commission preliminarily believes that the proposed rules represent improvements in risk management, be it systemic, legal, credit, liquidity, general business, custody, investment, or operational risk, in keeping with the requirements of Section 17A of the Exchange Act and the Dodd-Frank Act. The Commission preliminarily believes that the proposed rules will result in an increase in financial stability insofar as they result in minimum standards at covered clearing agencies that are higher than those standards implied by current practices at covered clearing agencies. In particular cases, such as new requirements related to management of liquidity risk and general business risk, stability may arise as a result of higher risk management standards at covered clearing agencies that effectively lower the probability that either covered clearing agencies or their members default. As explained in Part IV.C.2, reduced default probabilities for covered clearing agencies may, in turn, improve efficiency and capital formation.
To assess the economic effects of the proposed rules, including possible
More specifically, the baseline includes existing legal requirements applicable to registered clearing agencies providing CCP or CSD services as they exist at the time of this proposal, including applicable rules adopted by the Commission. Rule 17Ad–22 established a regulatory framework for registered clearing agencies, including security-based swap clearing agencies deemed registered pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act.
In terms of current practice, registered clearing agencies are required to operate in compliance with the requirements set forth in Rule 17Ad–22, though they may vary in the particular ways they meet these requirements. Some variation in practices across clearing agencies derives from the products they clear and the markets they serve. Additionally, the Commission understands that certain registered clearing agencies have already adopted practices consistent with several of the standards set forth in the PFMI Report. Accordingly, because proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) and proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 result in general consistency with the standards set forth in the PFMI Report, the Commission preliminarily believes the resulting benefits and costs to covered clearing agencies would, in some cases, be incremental because of the relationship between existing requirements applicable to registered clearing agencies,
In order to consider the broader implications of these proposed rules on market activity, including possible effects on efficiency, competition, and capital formation, the baseline also considers the current state of clearing and settlement services, including the number of registered clearing agencies, the distribution of members across these clearing agencies, and the volume of transactions these clearing agencies process. There are currently six registered clearing agencies that provide CCP services and one registered clearing agency that provides CSD services. As shown in Table 1, membership rates vary across these clearing agencies. Together, registered clearing agencies processed over $2 quadrillion in financial market transactions in 2012.
Registered clearing agencies are currently characterized by specialization and limited competition. Clearing and settlement services exhibit high barriers to entry and economies of scale. These features of the existing market, and the resulting concentration of clearing and settlement within a handful of entities, informs our examination of effects of the proposed amendments and rules on competition, efficiency, and capital formation.
The proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 fit within the Commission's broad approach to regulation of the national system for clearance and settlement that comprises the baseline for the Commission's economic analysis. Key elements of the current regulatory framework for registered clearing agencies are Section 17A of the Exchange Act,
Title VII, in response to the 2008 financial crisis, provides the Commission and the CFTC with authority to regulate the mandatory exchange trading and central clearing and settlement of swaps that formerly may have been OTC derivatives.
The Clearing Supervision Act, adopted in Title VIII, provides for enhanced regulation of FMUs, such as clearing agencies, and for enhanced coordination between the Commission, the CFTC, and the Board by facilitating
Rule 17Ad–22 under the Exchange Act, adopted in 2012, requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to meet certain minimum requirements for their operations and risk management practices on an ongoing basis. These requirements are designed to work in tandem with the SRO rule filing process and the requirement in Section 17A that the Commission must make certain determinations regarding a clearing agency's rules and operations for purposes of initial and ongoing registration.
In addition to requirements under the Exchange Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, and Rule 17Ad–22, other regulatory efforts are relevant to our analysis of the economic effects of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e). In July 2012, the BCBS published the Basel III capital requirements, which set forth interim rules governing the capital charges arising from bank exposures to CCPs related to OTC derivatives, exchange-traded derivatives, and securities financing transactions.
New capital charges under the Basel III framework relate to a bank's trade exposure and default fund exposure to a CCP and are a function of multiplying these exposures by a corresponding risk weight. Historically, these exposures have carried a risk weight of zero. As banking regulators adopt rules consistent with the Basel III capital requirements, however, these weights will increase. The risk weight assigned under the Basel III capital requirements varies depending on whether the counterparty is a QCCP. For example, risk weights for trade exposures to a CCP generally would vary between 20% and 100% depending on the CCP's credit quality, while trade exposures to a QCCP would carry only a 2% risk weight.
In some jurisdictions, banking regulators have already adopted rules that implement many requirements under the Basel III framework. For example, in its Capital Requirements Directive IV, which went into effect on July 17, 2013, the E.U. incorporated into its own legal framework the Basel III framework. Article 301 contains rules governing bank exposures to CCPs that are consistent with the Basel III framework. Similarly, the BCBS reports that the Basel III capital requirements, with the exception of capital conservation buffers and countercyclical buffers, are currently in force for Japanese banks.
In the United States, on July 9, 2013, the Board and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency jointly issued regulatory capital rules for U.S. banks consistent with the Basel III framework. Upon its effective date of January 1, 2014, the Regulatory Capital Rules subject bank exposures to CCPs and QCCPs to increased risk weights as specified in the Basel III framework.
In Europe, under EMIR, legal persons incorporated under the law of an E.U. member state will only be able to use non-E.U. CCPs if those CCPs have been recognized under EMIR. Further, only non-E.U. CCPs recognized under EMIR will meet the conditions necessary to be considered a QCCP for E.U. purposes. Article 25 of EMIR outlines a recognition procedure for non-E.U. CCPs and Article 89 provides a timeline for recognition.
Additionally, the Basel III capital requirements, as adopted by the Board, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and banking regulators in other jurisdictions, impose new capital requirements related to unconditionally cancellable commitments and other off-balance sheet exposures. For example, the Board and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency will require banks to include 10% of the notional amount of unconditionally cancellable commitments in their calculation of total leverage exposure.
Efforts by the Board and the CFTC to adopt rules that are consistent with the standards set forth in the PFMI Report are also relevant to the economic analysis of the proposed rules.
In proposing the amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and new Rule 17Ab2–2, the Commission is mindful of these regulations proposed by the Board and adopted by the CFTC, which seek to establish standards for designated FMUs and establish standards for certain DCOs, respectively.
Current industry practices are a critical element of the economic baseline for registered clearing agencies. Registered clearing agencies are required to operate in compliance with existing Rule 17Ad–22 and, the Commission understands, have begun implementing some of the standards set forth in the PFMI Report. Because proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) is consistent with those standards and furthers the objectives of Section 17A of the Exchange Act, the Clearing Supervision Act, and Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Commission preliminarily believes that the proposed rule represents, where it imposes higher minimum standards on covered clearing agencies, an additional step towards improved risk management.
An overview of current practices is set forth below and includes discussion of covered clearing agency policies and procedures regarding general organization and risk management, including the management of legal, credit, liquidity, business, custody, investment, and operational risk. This discussion is based on the Commission's general understanding of current practices as of the date of this proposal, reflects the Commission's experience supervising registered clearing agencies, and is intended solely for the purpose of analyzing the economic effects of the Commission's proposal. The Commission notes that in each case, as SROs, registered clearing agencies are required to submit any proposed rule or any proposed change in, addition to, or deletion from the rules of the clearing agency to the Commission for review.
Legal risk is the risk that a registered clearing agency's rules, policies, or procedures may not be enforceable and concerns, among other things, its contracts, the rights of members, netting arrangements, discharge of obligations, and settlement finality. Cross-border activities of a registered clearing agency may also present elements of legal risk.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(1) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for a well-founded, transparent, and enforceable legal framework for each aspect of its activities in all relevant jurisdictions.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(8) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to have governance arrangements that are clear and transparent to fulfill the public interest requirements in Section 17A of the Exchange Act applicable to clearing agencies, to support the objectives of owners and participants, and to promote the effectiveness of the clearing agency's risk management procedures.
Each registered clearing agency has a board that governs its operations and supervises senior management. Each registered clearing agency also has an independent audit committee of the board and has established a board committee or committee of members tasked with overseeing the clearing agency's risk management functions. The boards of registered clearing agencies that would be subject to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) as covered clearing agencies currently include non-management members.
Rules 17Ad–22(b) and (d) require registered clearing agencies to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to measure and mitigate credit exposures, identify operational risks, evaluate risks arising in connection with cross-border and domestic links for the purpose of clearing or settling trades, achieve DVP settlement, and implement risk controls to cover the clearing agency's credit exposures to participants.
In addition to meeting these requirements, the Commission understands that registered clearing agencies also specify actions to be taken when their resources are insufficient to cover losses faced by the registered clearing agency.
Registered clearing agencies that provide CCP services have a variety of options available to mitigate the financial risks to which they are exposed. While the manner in which a CCP chooses to mitigate these financial risks depends on the precise nature of the CCP's obligations, a common set of procedures have been implemented by many CCPs to manage credit and liquidity risks. Broadly, these procedures enable CCPs to manage their risks by reducing the likelihood of member defaults, limiting potential losses and liquidity pressure in the event of a member default, implementing mechanisms that allocate losses across members, and providing adequate resources to cover losses and meet payment obligations as required.
Registered clearing agencies that provide CCP services must be able to effectively measure their credit exposures in order to properly manage those exposures. A CCP faces the risk that its exposure to a member can change as a result of a change in prices, positions, or both. CCPs can ascertain current credit exposures to each member by, in some cases, marking each member's outstanding contracts to current market prices and, to the extent permitted by their rules and supported by law, by netting any gains against any losses. Rule 17Ad–22 includes certain requirements related to financial risk management by CCPs, including requirements to measure credit exposures to members and to use margin requirements to limit these exposures. These requirements are general in nature and provide registered clearing agencies flexibility to measure credit risk and set margin. Within the bounds of Rule 17Ad–22, CCPs may employ models and choose parameters that they conclude are appropriate to the markets they serve.
The current practices of registered clearing agencies that provide CCP services generally include the following procedures: (1) Measuring credit exposures at least once a day; (2) setting margin coverage at a 99% confidence level over some set period; (3) using risk-based models; (4) establishing a fund that mutualizes losses of defaults by one or more participants that exceed margin coverage; (5) maintaining sufficient financial resources to withstand the default of at least the largest participant family,
Rule 17Ad–22(b)(1) requires a registered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to measure their credit exposures at least once per day.
Rule 17Ad–22(b)(3) requires a registered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain sufficient financial resources to withstand, at a minimum, a default by the participant family to which it has the largest exposure in extreme but plausible market conditions.
Under existing rules, CCPs collect contributions from their members for the purpose of establishing guaranty or clearing funds to mutualize losses under extreme but plausible market conditions. Currently, the guaranty funds or clearing funds consist of liquid assets and their sizes vary depending on a number of factors, including the products the CCP clears and the characteristics of CCP members. In particular, the guaranty funds for CCPs that clear security-based swaps are relatively larger, as measured by the size of the fund as a percentage of the total and largest exposures, than the guaranty or clearing funds maintained by CCPs for other financial instruments. CCPs generally take the liquidity of collateral into account when determining member obligations. Applying haircuts to assets posted as margin, among other things, mitigates the liquidity risk associated with selling margin assets in the event of a participant default.
Rule 17Ad–22(b)(2) requires a registered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to use margin requirements to limit their exposures to participants.
Registered clearing agencies that provide CCP services take positions as substituted counterparties once their trade guarantee goes into effect. Therefore, if a counterparty whose obligations the registered clearing agency has guaranteed defaults, the covered clearing agency may face market risk, which can take one of two forms. First, a covered clearing agency is subject to the risk of movement in the market prices of the defaulting member's open positions. Where a seller defaults and fails to deliver a security, the covered clearing agency may need to step into the market to buy the security in order to complete settlement and deliver the security to the buyer. Similarly, where a buyer defaults, the covered clearing agency may need to meet payment obligations to the seller. Thus, in the interval between when a member defaults and when the covered clearing agency must meet its obligations as a substituted counterparty in order to complete settlement, market price movements expose the covered clearing agency to market risk. Second, the covered clearing agency may need to liquidate non-cash margin collateral posted by the defaulting member. The covered clearing agency is therefore exposed to the risk that erosion in market prices of the collateral posted by the defaulting member could result in the covered clearing agency having insufficient financial resources to cover the losses in the defaulting member's open positions.
To manage their exposure to market risk resulting from fulfilling a defaulting member's obligations, registered clearing agencies compute margin requirements using inputs such as portfolio size, volatility, and sensitivity to various risk factors that are likely to influence security prices. Moreover, since the size of price movements is, in part, a function of time, registered clearing agencies may limit their exposure to market risk by marking participant positions to market daily and, in some cases, more frequently. CCPs also use similar factors to determine haircuts applied to assets posted by members in satisfaction of margin requirements. To manage market risk associated with collateral liquidation, CCPs consider the current prices of assets posted as collateral and price volatility, asset liquidity, and the correlation of collateral assets and a member's portfolio of open positions. Further, because CCPs need to value their margin assets in times of financial stress, their rulebooks may include features such as market-maker domination charges that increase clearing fund obligations regarding open positions of members in securities in which the member serves as a dominant market maker. The reasoning behind this charge is that, should a member default, liquidity in products in which the member makes markets may fall, leaving these positions more difficult to liquidate for non-defaulting participants.
Rule 17Ab–22(b)(2) also requires a registered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide for risk-based models and parameters to set margin requirements.
Prior to this standard, banks measured value-at-risk using a range of confidence intervals from 90–99%.
Since its adoption in 1998, the standard has become a generally recognized practice of banks to quantify credit risk as the worst expected loss that a portfolio might incur over an appropriate time horizon at a 99% confidence interval.
Rule 17Ad–22(b)(2) also requires a registered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to review such margin requirements and the related risk-based models and parameters at least monthly.
In addition to credit risk and the aforementioned market risk, registered clearing agencies also face liquidity or funding risk. Currently, to complete the settlement process, registered clearing agencies that employ netting rely on incoming payments from participants in net debit positions in order to make payments to participants in net credit positions. If a participant does not have sufficient funds or securities in the form required to fulfill a payment obligation immediately when due (even though it may be able to pay at some future time), or if a settlement bank is unable to make an incoming payment on behalf of a participant, a registered clearing agency may face a funding shortfall. Such funding shortfalls may occur due to a lack of financial resources necessary to meet delivery or payment obligations, however even registered clearing agencies that do hold sufficient financial resources to meet their obligations may not carry those in the form required for delivery or payments to participants.
A registered clearing agency that provides CCP services may hold additional financial resources to cover potential funding shortfalls in the form of collateral. As noted above, CCPs may take the liquidity of collateral into account when determining member obligations. Applying haircuts to illiquid assets posted as margin mitigates the liquidity risk associated with selling margin assets in the event of participant default. Some registered CCPs also arrange for liquidity provision from other financial institutions using lines of credit. Additionally, some registered clearing agencies enter into prearranged funding agreements with their members pursuant to their rules. For example, members of one registered clearing agency are obligated to enter into repurchase agreements against securities that would have been delivered to a defaulting member.
No rule under the Exchange Act currently requires a registered clearing agency through its written policies and procedures to address liquidity risk.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(5) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to employ money settlement arrangements that eliminate or strictly limit the clearing agency's settlement bank risks and require funds transfers to the clearing agency to be final when effected.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(10) requires a registered clearing agency that provides CSD services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to maintain securities in an immobilized or dematerialized form for transfer by book entry to the greatest extent possible. Currently, some securities, such as mutual fund securities and government securities, are issued primarily or solely on a dematerialized basis. Dematerialized shares do not exist as physical certificates but are held in book entry form in the name of the owner (which, where the master security holder file is not maintained on paper due to the use of technology, is also referred to as electronic custody). Other types of securities may be issued in the form of one or more physical security certificates, which could be held by the CSD to facilitate immobilization. Alternatively, securities may be held by the beneficial owner in record name, in the form of book-entry positions, where the issuer offers the ability for a security holder to hold through the direct registration system. Whether immobilization occurs at the CSD or through direct registration depends on what is provided for by the issuer.
When a trade occurs, the depository's accounting system credits one participant account and debits another participant account. Transactions between counterparties in dematerialized shares are recorded by the registrar responsible for maintaining the paper or electronic register of security holders, such as by a transfer agent, and reflected in customer accounts.
Registered CSDs currently reconcile ownership positions in securities against CSD ownership positions on the security holders list daily, mitigating the risk of unauthorized creation or deletion of shares.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(13) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to eliminate principal risk by linking securities transfers to funds transfers in a way that achieves delivery versus payment,
For example, one registered clearing agency has rules governing its continuous net settlement (“CNS”) system, under which it becomes the counterparty for settlement purposes at the point its trade guarantee attaches, thereby assuming the obligation of its members that are receiving securities to receive and pay for those securities, and the obligation of members that are delivering securities to make the delivery. Unless the clearing agency has invoked its default rules, it is not obligated to make those deliveries until it receives from members with delivery obligations deliveries of such securities; rather, deliveries that come into CNS ordinarily are promptly redelivered to parties that are entitled to receive them through an allocation algorithm. Members are obligated to take and pay for securities allocated to them in the CNS process. These rules also provide mechanisms to allow receiving members a right to receive high priority in the allocation of deliveries, and also permit a member to buy-in long positions that have not been delivered to it by the close of business on the scheduled settlement date.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(11) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to make key aspects of its default procedures publicly available and establish default procedures that ensure it can take timely action to contain losses and liquidity pressures and to continue meeting its obligations in the event of a participant default. The rules of registered clearing agencies typically state what constitutes a default, identify whether the board or a committee of the board may make that determination, and describe what steps the clearing agency may take to protect itself and its members. In this regard, registered clearing agencies typically attempt, among other things, to hedge and liquidate a defaulting member's positions. Rules of registered clearing agencies also include information about the allocation of losses across available financial resources.
No rule under the Exchange Act currently requires a registered clearing agency through its written policies and procedures to enable the portability of positions of a member's customers and the collateral provided in connection therewith. Additionally, no rule under the Exchange Act currently requires a registered clearing agency through its written policies and procedures to protect the positions of a member's customers from the default or insolvency of the member.
Business risk refers to the risks and potential losses arising from a registered clearing agency's administration and operation as a business enterprise that are neither related to member default nor separately covered by financial resources designated to mitigate credit or liquidity risk. While Rule 17Ad–22 sets forth requirements for registered clearing agencies to identify, monitor, and mitigate or eliminate a broad array of risks through written policies and procedures, no rule under the Exchange Act expressly requires a registered clearing agency through its written policies and procedures to identify, monitor, and manage general business risk or to meet a capital requirement. Nonetheless, registered clearing agencies currently have certain internal controls in place to mitigate business risk. Some clearing agencies, for instance, have policies and procedures that identify an auditor who is responsible for examining accounts, records, and transactions, as well as other duties prescribed in the audit program. Other registered clearing agencies allow members to collectively audit the books of the clearing agency on an annual basis, at their own expense.
Registered clearing agencies face default risk from commercial banks that they use to effect money transfers among participants, to hold overnight deposits, and to safeguard collateral. Rule 17Ad–22(d)(3) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to (i) hold assets in a manner that minimizes risk of loss or delay in its access to them; and (ii) invest assets in instruments with minimal credit, market, and liquidity risks.
Operational risk refers to a broad category of potential losses arising from deficiencies in internal processes, personnel, and information technology. Registered clearing agencies face operational risk from both internal and external sources, including human error, system failures, security breaches, and natural or man-made disasters. Rule 17Ad–22(d)(4) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify sources of operational risk and to minimize those risks through the development of appropriate systems, controls and procedures.
As a result, registered clearing agencies have developed and currently maintain plans to assure the safeguarding of securities and funds, the integrity of automated data processing systems, and the recovery of securities, funds, or data under a variety of loss or destruction scenarios.
Rule 17Ad–22(b)(5) requires a registered clearing agency that provides CCP services to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide the opportunity for a person that does not perform any dealer or security-based swap dealer services to obtain membership on fair and reasonable terms at the clearing agency to clear securities for itself or on behalf of other persons.
In addition, Rule 17Ad–22(d)(2) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require participants to have sufficient financial resources and robust operational capacity to meet obligations arising from participation in the clearing agency, have procedures in place to monitor that participation requirements are met on an ongoing basis, and have participation requirements that are objective and publicly disclosed, and permit fair and open access.
Registered clearing agencies use an ongoing monitoring process to help them understand relevant changes in the financial condition of their members and to mitigate credit risk exposure of the clearing agency to its members. The risk management staff analyzes financial statements filed with regulators, as well as information obtained from other SROs and gathered from various financial publications, so that the clearing agency may evaluate, for instance, whether members maintain sufficient financial resources and robust operational capacity to meet their obligations as participants in the clearing agency pursuant to existing Rule 17Ad–22(d)(2)(i).
Table 1 contains membership statistics for registered clearing agencies.
Tiered participation arrangements occur when clearing members (direct participants) provide access to clearing services to third parties (indirect participants). No rule under the Exchange Act currently requires a registered clearing agency through its written policies and procedures to identify, monitor, and manage material risks arising from tiered participation arrangements. The Commission understands, however, that certain registered clearing agencies have policies and procedures currently in place in order to identify, monitor, or manage such arrangements. Specifically, such clearing agencies rely on information gathered from, and distributed by, direct participants in order to manage these tiered participation arrangements. For example, under some covered clearing agencies' rules, direct participants generally have the responsibility to indicate to the clearing agency whether a transaction submitted for clearing represents a proprietary or customer position. Such rules further require direct participants to calculate, and notify the clearing agency of the value of, each customer's collateral. Direct participants also communicate with indirect participants regarding the clearing agency's margin and other requirements.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(7) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to evaluate the potential sources of risks that can arise when the clearing agency establishes links either cross-border or domestically to clear or settle trades, and ensure that the risks are managed prudently on an ongoing basis.
Each registered clearing agency is linked to other clearing organizations, trading platforms, and service providers. For instance, a link between U.S. and Canadian clearing agencies allows U.S. members to clear and settle valued securities transactions with participants of a Canadian securities depository. The link is designed to facilitate cross-border transactions by allowing members to use a single depository interface for U.S. and Canadian dollar transactions and eliminate the need for split inventories.
Rule 17Ad–22(d)(6) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require the clearing agency to be cost-effective in meeting the requirements of participants while maintaining safe and secure operations.
Although no rule under the Exchange Act expressly requires a registered clearing agency through its written policies and procedures to use or accommodate relevant internationally accepted communication procedures and standards, the Commission believes that registered clearing agencies already use these standards. Registered clearing agencies typically rely on electronic communication with market participants, including members. For example, some registered clearing agencies have rules in place stating that clearing members must retrieve instructions, notices, reports, data, and other items and information from the clearing agency through electronic data retrieval systems. Some registered clearing agencies have the ability to rely on signatures transmitted, recorded, or stored through electronic, optical, or similar means. Other clearing agencies have policies and procedures that provide for certain emergency meetings using telephonic or other electronic notice.
Transparency requirements and disclosures by registered clearing agencies serve to limit the size of potential information asymmetries between registered clearing agencies, their members, and market participants. Rule 17Ad–22(d)(9) requires a registered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to provide market participants with sufficient information for them to identify and evaluate risks and costs associated with using the clearing agency's services.
Besides providing market participants with information on the risks and costs associated with their services, registered clearing agencies regularly provide information to their members to assist them in managing their risk exposures and potential funding obligations. Some of these disclosures may be common to all members—such as information about the composition of clearing fund assets—while other disclosures that concern particular positions or obligations may only be made to individual members.
Currently, although Rule 17Ad–22(d) applies to registered clearing agencies, no mechanism exists for the Commission to make determinations with regard to covered clearing agencies of the type that would occur under proposed Rule 17Ab2–2.
The discussion below sets forth the potential economic effects stemming from the proposed rules. The section begins by framing more general economic issues related to the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and proposed Rule 17Ab2–2. The discussion that follows considers the effects of the proposed rules on efficiency, competition, and capital formation. The section ends with a discussion of the benefits and costs flowing from specific provisions of the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and proposed Rule 17Ab2–2.
The proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22, taken as a whole, would likely produce economic effects that are either conditioned on multiple provisions of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) being implemented as a set or are simply common to multiple provisions of the proposal. Since these economic effects are attributable in some way to each of the individual subsections of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), this section considers potential impacts of the proposed amendments, as a whole, through their effects on systemic risk, the discretion with which covered clearing agencies operate, market integrity, concentration in the market for clearing services and among clearing members, and QCCP status.
A large portion of financial activity in the United States ultimately flows through one or more registered clearing agencies that would become covered clearing agencies under the proposed rules. These clearing agencies have direct links to members and indirect links to the customers of members. They are also linked to each other through common members, operational processes, and in some cases cross-margining and cross-guaranty agreements. These linkages allow covered clearing agencies to provide opportunities for risk-sharing but also allow them to serve as potential conduits for risk transmission. Covered clearing agencies play an important role in fostering the proper functioning of financial markets. If they are not effectively managed, however, they may transmit financial shocks, particularly on days of market stress.
The centralization of clearance and settlement activities at covered clearing agencies allows market participants to reduce costs, increase operational efficiency, and manage risks more effectively.
The Commission recognizes that the degree of discretion permitted by the proposed rules partially determines their economic effect. Even where current practices at covered clearing agencies would not need to change significantly to comply with the proposed rules, covered clearing agencies could still potentially face costs associated with the limitations on discretion that will result from the proposed rules, including costs related to limiting a clearing agency's flexibility to respond to changing economic environments. For example, to the extent that covered clearing agencies currently in compliance with the proposed rules value the ability to periodically allow net liquid assets to drop below the minimum level specified by the proposed rules, they may incur additional costs because under the proposed rules they lose the option to do so.
Although there may be costs to limiting the degree of discretion covered clearing agencies have over risk management policies and procedures, the Commission preliminarily believes there are also potential benefits. As discussed above, clearing agencies may not fully internalize the social costs of poor internal controls and thus, given additional discretion, may not craft appropriate risk management policies and procedures. For example, even if existing regulation provides clearing agencies with the incentives necessary to manage risks appropriately in a static sense, they may not provide clearing agencies with incentives to update their risk management programs in response to dynamic market conditions. Additionally, efforts at cost reduction or profit maximization could encourage clearing agencies to reduce the quality of risk management by, for example, choosing to update parameters and assumptions rapidly in periods of low volatility while maintaining stale parameters and assumptions in periods of high volatility. By reducing covered clearing agencies' discretion over their policies and procedures, the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 may reduce the likelihood that risk management practices lag behind changing market conditions by requiring periodic analysis of model performance while paying particular attention to periods of high volatility or low liquidity.
Subjecting covered clearing agencies to more specific requirements may have other benefits for cleared markets as well. Recent academic research has explored the ways in which regulation affects liquidity in financial markets when participants are “ambiguity averse,” where ambiguity is defined as uncertainty over the set of payoff distributions for an asset.
The Commission preliminarily believes that the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 could provide the benefit of reduced potential for market fragmentation that may arise from different requirements across regulatory regimes. These benefits would flow to markets that are also supervised by the Board and the CFTC, and internationally, since cleared markets are global in nature and linked to one another through common participants.
Based on its consultation and coordination with other regulators, the Commission preliminarily believes its proposal is consistent and comparable, where possible and appropriate, with the rules and policy statement proposed by the Board and the rules adopted by the CFTC. The Board's proposed revisions to its PSR Policy incorporate only the headline principles contained in the PFMI Report and are consistent with the Commission's approach in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e).
With respect to the rules proposed by the Board and adopted by the CFTC, in
In this case, the Commission notes that regulators have taken slightly different approaches to achieving disclosure of rules, key procedures, and market data. The CFTC requires disclosure through the CPSS–IOSCO Disclosure Framework.
The following discussion provides examples of proposed rule provisions that are representative of the differences between the Commission's proposal and the Board's proposal and the CFTC's final rules, where the Commission is proposing more detailed requirements than those proposed by the Board or adopted by the CFTC:
• In proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4), the Commission would explicitly permit a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to be reasonably designed to maintain financial resources either in combined or separately maintained clearing or default funds. Rules proposed by the Board and adopted by the CFTC do not include a comparable provision. The Commission preliminarily believes this requirement is appropriate because permitting a covered clearing agency to maintain a separate default fund for purposes of complying with proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4)(ii) and (iii) increases the range of options available to covered clearing agencies when complying with this requirement and, when used appropriately, will allow a covered clearing agency to distribute the costs and responsibilities of clearing membership more equitably among clearing members.
• In proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7), the Commission would permit a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to include as qualifying liquid resources (i) assets that are readily available and convertible into cash through prearranged funding arrangements determined to be highly reliable even in extreme but plausible market conditions by the board of directors of the covered clearing agency, following a review conducted for this purpose not less than annually, and (ii) other assets that are readily available and eligible for pledging to a relevant central bank, if the covered clearing agency has access to routine credit at such central bank that permits said pledges or other transactions by the covered clearing agency. Rules proposed by the Board do not include a provision comparable to either of these two proposed requirements, and rules adopted by the CFTC do not include a provision including as qualifying liquid resources assets readily available and eligible for pledging to a central bank.
The Commission preliminarily believes this requirement is appropriate given the specific circumstances of the U.S. securities markets. U.S. securities markets are among the largest and most liquid in the world, and CCPs operating in the United States are also among the largest in the world. The resulting peak liquidity demands of CCPs are therefore proportionately large on both an individual and an aggregate basis, and the ability of CCPs to satisfy a requirement limiting qualifying liquid resources to committed facilities could be constrained by the capacity of traditional liquidity sources in the U.S. banking sector in certain circumstances. The Commission preliminarily believes that limiting the funding arrangements that are included within the definition of qualifying liquid resources to committed funding arrangements is not appropriate in the case of the U.S. securities markets and expanding the concept of qualifying liquid resources to include other highly reliable funding arrangements is necessary and appropriate to ensure the proper functioning of covered clearing agencies under the Exchange Act. For similar reasons, the Commission preliminarily believes it is appropriate to include in the definition of qualifying liquid resources assets that a central bank would permit a covered clearing agency to use as collateral, to the extent such covered clearing agency has access to routine credit at such central bank.
• In proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13), the Commission would explicitly require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to be reasonably designed to ensure that the covered clearing agency has the authority and operational capacity to contain losses and liquidity demands in a timely manner and to continue to meet its obligations by, among other things, addressing the allocation of credit losses the covered clearing agency may face. Rules proposed by the Board and adopted by the CFTC do not include a comparable provision to address the allocation of credit losses.
• In proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(18), the Commission would explicitly require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to be reasonably designed to require monitoring of compliance with access and participation requirements. Rules proposed by the Board and adopted by the CFTC do not include a comparable provision. The Commission preliminarily believes this requirement is consistent with Exchange Act provisions requiring registered clearing agencies to have rules designed to not permit unfair discrimination in the admission of participants because it helps ensure that a covered clearing agency complies with its own membership requirements.
• In proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(19), the Commission would explicitly require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to be reasonably designed to require regular review of its tiered participation arrangements. Rules proposed by the Board and adopted by the CFTC do not include a comparable provision. The
The following discussion provides examples of proposed rule provisions that are representative of the differences between the Commission's proposal and the Board's proposal and the CFTC's final rules, where the Commission is proposing requirements that are more general than those proposed by the Board or adopted by the CFTC:
• In proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2), the Commission would not require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to be reasonably designed to include requirements for disclosure of board decisions, review of the performance of the board of directors and individual directors, documentation and disclosure of governance arrangements, procedures for managing conflicts of interests involving board members, and oversight of the risk function. Rules adopted by the CFTC include such requirements.
• In proposing Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4) and (e)(7), the Commission would not require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures for stress testing its financial resources and liquid resources, respectively, to cover specific stress scenarios, as rules adopted by the CFTC do.
• In proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(5), the Commission would not specifically require, as the CFTC does in its rules, a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to be reasonably designed to (i) establish prudent valuation practices and develop haircuts that are tested regularly and take into account stressed market conditions (including to reduce the need for procyclical adjustments); (ii) avoid concentrated holdings of certain assets where it could significantly impair the ability to liquidate such assets quickly without significant adverse price effects; and (iii) use a collateral management system that is well designed and operationally flexible, such that it, among other things, accommodates changes in the ongoing monitoring and management of collateral; and (iv) allow for the timely valuation of collateral and execution of any collateral or margin calls.
• In proposing Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6), the Commission also would not require a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to be reasonably designed to determine the appropriate historic time period for the margin methodology based on the characteristics of each product, spread, account, or portfolio or to require specifying minimum liquidation periods for different types of derivatives. Rules adopted by the CFTC include such requirements.
These differences between the Commission's proposal and the Board's proposed rules and the CFTC's final rules are provided here as examples of the differences observed between the respective rule sets and do not constitute an exhaustive list. In preliminarily formulating the specific requirements of the proposed rules in furtherance of Section 17A of the Exchange Act, the Commission was guided by its experience in supervising registered clearing agencies, including through the SRO rule filing process under Section 19(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 19b–4, periodic inspections and examinations, and other monitoring of the activities of registered clearing agencies.
Further, CPSS–IOSCO members are also in various stages of implementing the standards set forth in the PFMI Report into their own regulatory regimes, and the Commission preliminarily believes that proposing a set of requirements generally consistent with the relevant international standards would result in diminished likelihood that participants in cleared markets would restructure and operate
Failure to maintain consistency with other regulators may disrupt cleared markets in a number of ways. Significant differences across regulatory regimes may encourage participants to restructure their operations in order to avoid a particular regulatory regime.
In the case of clearing agency standards, there are additional motivations for consistency with other regulatory requirements. The Commission preliminarily believes that such consistency would prevent the application of inconsistent regulatory burdens and thereby reduce the likelihood that participants in cleared markets would restructure and operate in less-regulated markets. Additionally, such consistency would allow foreign bank clearing members and foreign bank customers of clearing members of covered clearing agencies to be subject to lower capital requirements under the Basel III framework.
The economic effects associated with the proposed rules may also be partially determined by the economic characteristics of clearing agencies. Generally, the economic characteristics of FMIs, including clearing agencies, include specialization, economies of scale, barriers to entry, and a limited number of competitors.
The centralization of clearing activities in a relatively small number of clearing agencies somewhat insulated from market forces may result in a reduction in their incentives to innovate and to invest in the development of appropriate risk management practices on an ongoing basis, particularly when combined with the cost reduction pressures noted above in Part IV.A.
Market power may raise particular issues with respect to the allocation of benefits and costs flowing from these proposed rules and precipitate changes in the structure of the financial networks that are served by covered clearing agencies. For example, as a result of limited competition,
If incremental increases in costs lead clearing agencies to charge higher prices for their services, then certain clearing members may choose to terminate membership and cease to clear transactions for their customers. Should this occur the result may be further concentration among clearing members, where each remaining member clears a higher volume of transactions. In this case, clearing agencies and the financial markets they serve would be more exposed to these larger clearing members. These remaining clearing members may, however, each internalize more of the costs their activity in cleared markets imposes on the financial system.
The increased importance of a small set of clearing members, in turn, may result in firms not previously systemically important increasing in systemic importance. This is particularly true for clearing members that participate in multiple markets, both cleared and not cleared.
An effect of the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 is that covered clearing agencies required to comply with the proposed rules may be more likely to qualify as QCCPs in non-U.S. jurisdictions that have adopted the Basel III framework's QCCP definition. Under the Basel III framework, a QCCP is defined as an entity operating as a CCP that is prudentially supervised in a jurisdiction where the relevant regulator has established, and publicly indicated that it applies to the CCP on an ongoing basis, domestic rules and regulations that are consistent with the standards set forth in the PFMI Report.
The Basel III framework affects capital requirements for bank exposures to central counterparties in two important ways. The first relates to trade exposures, defined under the Basel III capital requirements as the current and potential future exposure of a clearing member or indirect participant in a CCP arising from OTC derivatives, exchange-traded derivatives transactions, and securities financing transactions. If these exposures are held against a QCCP, they will be assigned a risk weight of 2%. In contrast, exposures against non-qualifying CCPs do not receive lower capital requirements relative to bilateral exposures and are assigned risk weights between 20% and 100%, depending on counterparty credit risk. Second, the Basel III capital requirements impose a cap on risk weights applied to default fund contributions, limiting risk-weighted assets (subject to a 1250% risk weight) to a cap of 20% of a clearing member's trade exposures against a QCCP. This is in contrast to treatment of exposures against non-qualifying CCPs, which are uncapped and subject to a 1250% risk weight. Because QCCP status generally impacts capital treatment, any benefits of attaining QCCP status will likely accrue, at least in part, to foreign clearing members or foreign indirect participants subject to the Basel III capital requirements.
Non-U.S. banks that are constrained by Basel III tier one capital requirements would face a shock to risk-weighted assets once capital rules come into force.
In quantifying the benefits of achieving QCCP status, the Commission based its estimate on publicly available information with regard to OCC.
The Commission's analysis is limited in several respects and relies on several assumptions. First, a limitation of our proxy for trade exposures and our use of OCC's clearing fund is that the account balances include deposits by bank clearing members, who would experience lower capital requirements under the Basel III framework, and non-bank clearing members who would not. The Commission preliminarily assumes, for the purposes of establishing an upper bound for the benefits to market participants that are associated with QCCP status for OCC under the proposed rules, that the balance of both OCC's margin account and OCC's default fund are attributable only to bank clearing members. Additionally, we assume an extreme case where, in the absence of QCCP status, trade exposures against a CCP would be assigned a 100% risk weight, causing the largest possible shock to risk-weighted assets for affected banks.
Concluding that lower capital requirements on trade exposures to OCC would produce effects in the real economy also requires that certain conditions exist. Agency problems, taxes, or other capital market imperfections could result in banks targeting a particular capital structure. Further, capital constraints on bank clearing members subject to the Basel III framework should bind so that higher capital requirements on bank clearing members subject to the Basel III framework in the absence of QCCP status would cause these banks to exceed capital constraints if they chose to redistribute capital to shareholders or invest capital in projects with returns that exceed their cost of capital. Using publically available data, however, it is not currently possible to determine whether capital constraints will bind for bank clearing members when rules applying Basel III capital requirements come into force, so to estimate an upper bound for the effects of QCCP status on bank clearing members we assume that tier one capital constraints for all bank clearing members of OCC would bind in an environment with zero weight placed on bank exposures to CCPs.
For the purposes of quantifying potential benefits from QCCP status, the Commission has also assumed that banks choose to adjust to new capital requirements by deleveraging. In particular, the Commission assumed that banks would respond by reducing risk-weighted assets equally across all risk classes until they reach the minimum tier one capital ratio under the Basel framework of 8.5%. We measure the ongoing costs to each non-U.S. bank by multiplying the implied change in total assets by each bank's return on assets, estimated using up to 12 years of annual financial statement data.
The Basel III capital requirements for exposures to CCPs yield additional benefits for QCCPs that the Commission is currently unable to quantify due to lack of data concerning client clearing arrangements by banks. For client exposures to clearing members, the Basel III capital requirements allow participants to reflect the shorter close-out period of cleared transactions in their capitalized exposures. The Basel III framework's treatment of exposures to CCPs also applies to client exposures to CCPs through clearing members. This may increase the likelihood that bank clients of bank clearing members that are subject to the Basel III capital requirements share some of the benefits of QCCP status.
Furthermore, the fact that the Basel III capital requirements apply to bank clearing members may have important implications for competition and concentration. While the proposed rules may extend lower capital requirements against exposures to CCPs to non-U.S. bank clearing members of covered clearing agencies,
In addition to benefits for bank clearing members, certain benefits resulting from QCCP status may also accrue to covered clearing agencies. If banks value lower capital requirements attributable to QCCP status, bank clearing members may prefer membership at QCCPs to membership at CCPs that are not QCCPs. A flight of clearing members from covered clearing agencies in the absence of QCCP status would result in default-related losses being mutualized across a narrower member base. If the flight from covered clearing agencies results in lower transactional volume at these clearing agencies, then economies of scale may be lost, resulting in higher clearing fees and higher transaction costs in cleared products.
The proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 have the potential to affect competition, efficiency, and capital formation. As with the rest of the benefits and costs associated with the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22, the Commission preliminarily believes that several of the effects described below only occur to the extent that covered clearing agencies do not already have operations and governance mechanisms
Two important characteristics of the market for clearance and settlement services are high fixed costs and economies of scale. Large investments in risk management and information technology infrastructure costs, such as financial data database and network maintenance expenses, are components of high fixed costs for clearing agencies. Consequently, the clearance and settlement industry exhibits economies of scale in that the average total cost per transaction, which includes fixed costs, diminishes with the increase in transaction volume as high fixed costs are spread over a larger number of transactions.
Furthermore, high fixed costs translate into barriers to entry that preclude competition. Lower competition is an important source of market power for clearing agencies. As a result, clearing agencies possess the ability to exert market power and influence the fees charged for clearance and settlement services in the markets they serve.
Even if they could not take advantage of a marginal increase in market power, clearing agencies may use their market power to pass any increases in costs that flow from the proposed amendments to their members. This may be especially true in the cases of member-owned clearing agencies, such as DTC, FICC, NSCC, and OCC, where members lack the opportunity to pass costs through to outside equity holders. Allowing clearing members to serve on the board of directors of a covered clearing agency may align a covered clearing agency's incentives with its membership. Certain complications may also arise, however, when clearing members sit on boards of covered clearing agencies as members of the board and may choose to allocate the costs of enhanced risk management inefficiently across potential competitors, in an effort to reduce their own share of these costs.
Members who are forced to internalize the costs of additional requirements under the proposed rules may seek to terminate their membership. Additionally, prospective clearing members may find it difficult to join clearing agencies, given the additional costs they must internalize.
The Commission also acknowledges that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(19) may affect competition among firms that choose to become clearing members, and those who provide clearing services indirectly, through a clearing member. Monitoring and managing the risks associated with indirect participation in clearing may be costly. If monitoring and managing the risks associated with indirect participation in clearing proves costly for clearing agencies and if clearing agencies are able to pass the additional costs related to monitoring and managing risks to clearing members, it may cause marginal clearing members unable to absorb these additional costs to exit. While these exits may be socially efficient, since they reflect the internalization of costs otherwise imposed upon other participants in cleared markets through increased probability of clearing agency default, they may nevertheless result in lower competition among clearing members for market share, potentially providing additional market power to the clearing members that remain.
The Commission preliminarily believes, however, that management of risks from indirect participation is important in mitigating the risks that clearing agencies pose to financial stability. The tiered participation risk exposures, including credit, liquidity, and operational risks inherent in indirect participation arrangements, may present risks to clearing agencies, their members, and to the broader financial markets. For instance, if the size of an indirect participant's positions is large relative to a clearing member's capacity to absorb risks, this may increase the clearing member's default risk. Consequently, a clearing agency with indirect participation arrangements may be exposed to the credit risk of an indirect participant through its clearing members. Similarly, a margin call on, or a default by, an indirect participant could constrain liquidity of its associated clearing members, making it more difficult for these members to manage their positions at the clearing agency.
The consistency across regulatory frameworks contemplated by the proposed rules may also affect competition. Financial markets in cleared products are global, encompassing many countries and regulatory jurisdictions. Consistency with international regulatory frameworks may facilitate entry of clearing agencies into new markets. By contrast, conflicting or duplicative regulation across jurisdictions, or even within jurisdictions, may cause competitive friction that inhibits entry and helps clearing agencies behave like local monopolists. Consistency in regulation can facilitate competition among clearing agencies so long as regulation is not so costly as to discourage participation in any market. Additionally, the Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23) may facilitate competition among clearing agencies across jurisdictions by requiring public disclosures that enable market participants to compare clearing agencies more easily.
The consistency across regulatory requirements contemplated by the proposed rules may affect competition among banks in particular. Clearing derivative and repurchase agreement transactions through QCCPs will result in lower capital requirements for banks under the Basel III capital requirements. Therefore, consistency with the standards set forth in the PFMI Report may allow banks that clear these products through covered clearing agencies to compete on equal terms with banks that clear through other clearing agencies accorded QCCP status. This effect potentially countervails higher barriers to entry that enhanced risk management standards may impose on clearing members by lowering the marginal cost of clearing these transactions. Furthermore, covered clearing agencies potentially compete with one another for volume from clearing members. Since clearing members receive better treatment for exposures against QCCPs, clearing
The ability of covered clearing agencies to obtain QCCP status may also affect competition among clearing agencies. Under the Basel III framework, QCCP status would have practical relevance only for covered clearing agencies providing CCP services for derivatives, security-based swaps, and securities financing transactions. To the extent that the proposed rules increase the likelihood that banking regulators that have implemented the Basel III framework in their jurisdiction recognize covered clearing agencies as QCCPs, banks that clear at covered clearing agencies will experience lower capital requirements. Since clearing agencies may compete for volume from clearing members that are also banks, the proposed rules may remove a competitive friction between covered clearing agencies and other clearing agencies that enjoy recognition as QCCPs by banking regulators. As a corollary, the proposed rules could potentially disadvantage any registered clearing agencies that are not covered clearing agencies.
Further competitive effects may flow from the proposal as a result of the determinations under proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 for clearing agencies engaged in activities with a more complex risk profile and clearing agencies that are systemically important in multiple jurisdictions. These entities will be responsible for maintaining additional financial resources sufficient to cover the default of the two participant families that would potentially cause the largest aggregate credit exposures in extreme but plausible market conditions as well as undertake an annual feasibility analysis for extending liquidity risk management from “cover one” to “cover two.” These clearing agencies will have to collect these resources from participants, either through higher margin requirements or guaranty fund contributions, or indirectly through third-party borrowing arrangements secured by member resources. Regardless of how clearing agencies obtain these additional resources, the requirement to do so potentially raises the costs to use services provided by covered clearing agencies which could, at the margin, shift transactional volume to clearing agencies that fall outside the scope determined by proposed Rule 17Ab2–2, where competing clearing agencies exist, or opt out of clearing altogether.
The proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 may affect efficiency in a number of ways, though as discussed previously, most of these effects will only flow to the extent that covered clearing agencies do not already comply with the proposed amendments. First, because the proposed amendments result in general consistency with the standards set forth in the PFMI Report and requirements proposed by the Board and adopted by the CFTC, consistency likely fosters efficiency by reducing the risk that covered clearing agencies will be faced with conflicting or duplicative regulation when clearing financial products across multiple regulatory jurisdictions.
Consistency across regulatory regimes in multiple markets may also result in efficiency improvements. Fully integrated markets would allow clearing agencies to more easily exploit economies of scale because clearing agencies tend to have low marginal costs and, thus, could provide clearance and settlement services over a larger volume of transactions at a lower average cost. Differences in regulation, on the other hand, may result in market fragmentation, allowing clearing agencies to operate as local monopolists. The resulting potential for segmentation of clearing and settlement businesses along jurisdictional lines may lead to overinvestment in the provision of clearing services and reductions in efficiency as clearing agencies open and operate solely within jurisdictional boundaries. If market segmentation precludes covered clearing agencies from clearing transactions for customers located in another jurisdiction with a market too small to support a local clearing agency, fragmentation may result in under-provisioning of clearing and settlement services in these areas, in turn reducing the efficiency with which market participants share risk.
The proposed amendments may also affect efficiency directly if they mitigate covered clearing agencies' incentives to underinvest in risk management and recovery and wind-down procedures. CCP default and liquidation is likely a costly event, so to the extent that the proposed rules mitigate the risk of CCP default and prescribe rules for orderly recovery and wind-down, they will produce efficiency benefits. Another direct effect on efficiency may come if registered clearing agencies attempt to restructure their operations in ways that would allow them to fall outside of the scope of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e).
Finally, price efficiency and the efficiency of risk sharing among market participants may be affected by the proposed amendments. On one hand, the cost of a transaction includes costs related to counterparty default that are typically unrelated to fundamental asset payoffs. Academic research using credit default swap transaction data has revealed a statistically significant, though economically small, relationship between the credit risk of a counterparty and the spreads implicit in transaction prices.
The implications for capital formation that flow from these proposed rules stem mainly from incremental costs that result from compliance with more specific standards and benefits in the form of more efficient risk sharing.
In cases where current practice falls short of the proposed amendments, covered clearing agencies may have to invest in infrastructure or make other expenditures to come into compliance, which may divert capital from other uses. In line with our previous discussion of cost allocation in the market for clearing services, these resources may come from clearing members and their customers.
At the same time, the Commission preliminarily believes that the standards contemplated under the proposed rules may foster capital formation. As mentioned earlier, clearing agencies that are less prone to failure may help reduce transaction costs in the markets they clear.
If, on balance, the proposed amendments cause transaction costs to decrease in cleared markets, then the expected value of trade may increase. Counterparties that are better able to diversify risk through participation in cleared markets may be more willing to invest in the real economy rather than choosing to engage in precautionary savings.
The discussion below outlines the costs and benefits preliminarily considered by the Commission as they relate to the rules being proposed today. These specific costs and benefits are in addition to the more general costs and benefits anticipated under the Commission's proposal discussed in Part IV.C.1 and include, in particular, the costs and benefits stemming from the availability of QCCP status under the Basel III capital requirements. Many of the costs and benefits discussed below are difficult to quantify. This is particularly true where clearing agency practices are anticipated to evolve and adapt to changes in technology and other market developments. The difficulty in quantifying costs and benefits of the proposed rules is further exacerbated by the fact that in some cases the Commission lacks information regarding the specific practices of clearing agencies that could assist in quantifying certain costs. For example, as noted in Part IV.C.3.a.iv(4), without detailed information about the composition of illiquid assets held by clearing agencies and their members, the Commission cannot provide reasonable estimates of costs associated with satisfying substantive requirements under proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i) and (ii). Another example, discussed in Part IV.C.3.a.iv(5), is testing and validation of financial risk models, where the Commission is only able to estimate that costs will fall within a range. In this case, the costs associated with substantive requirements under the proposed rules may depend on the types of risk models employed by clearing agencies, which are, in turn, dictated by the markets they serve. As a result, much of the discussion is qualitative in nature, though where possible, the costs and benefits have been quantified.
The Commission recognizes that the scope of the proposed rules is an important determinant of their economic effect. Having considered the anticipated costs associated with the proposed rules, the Commission preliminarily believes that it is appropriate to limit the application of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) to covered clearing agencies, as these are the registered clearing agencies for which the benefits of the proposed rules are the greatest. In particular, as discussed below, the Commission preliminarily believes that an important benefit resulting from the enhanced risk management requirements in the proposed rules is a reduction in the risk of a failure of a covered clearing agency. For example, for designated clearing agencies these benefits may be significant due to their size, exposure to, and interconnectedness with market participants, and the effect their failure may have on markets, market participants, and the broader financial system. For complex risk profile clearing agencies, significant benefits may flow as a result of their higher baseline default risk.
As an alternative, the Commission could have proposed to extend the scope of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) to cover all registered clearing agencies. The Commission preliminarily acknowledges, however, that costs of compliance with the proposed rules may represent barriers to entry for clearing agencies. By continuing to apply Rule 17Ad–22(d) to registered clearing agencies that are not covered clearing agencies, the Commission preliminary believes that the proposed scope Rule 17Ad–22(e) appropriately preserves the potential for innovation in the establishment and operation of registered clearing agencies.
Because, as noted above, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(1) would require substantially the same set of policies and procedures as Rule 17Ad–22(d)(1),
Each covered clearing agency has a board of directors that governs its operations and oversees its senior management. Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2) would establish more detailed requirements for governance arrangements at covered clearing agencies relative to those imposed on
The Commission understands that any covered clearing agency subject to the proposed rule has policies and procedures in place that clearly prioritize the risk management and efficiency of the clearing agency. However, the Commission preliminarily believes that covered clearing agencies do not already have in place policies and procedures with respect to other requirements under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2). Based its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that some covered clearing agencies may need to update their policies and procedures to comply with proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(2)(iv). These updates will entail certain basic compliance costs, and covered clearing agencies may also incur assessment costs related to analyzing current governance arrangements in order to determine the extent to determine which they do not meet the requirements of the proposed amendments. The estimated costs in terms of paperwork are discussed in Part III.D.1. If, as a result of new policies and procedures, a covered clearing agency is required to recruit new directors, the Commission preliminarily estimates a cost per director of $73,000.
While there are potential costs associated with compliance, the Commission preliminarily believes that benefits would potentially accrue from these requirements. Specifically, the Commission preliminarily believes that enhanced governance arrangements would further promote safety and efficiency at the clearing agency—motives that may not be part of a clearing agency's governance arrangements in the absence of regulation. Policies and procedures required under the proposed rules would also reinforce governance arrangements at covered clearing agencies by requiring board members and senior management to have appropriate experience and skills to discharge their duties and responsibilities.
Compliance with these proposed requirements could reduce the risk that insufficient internal controls within a covered clearing agency endanger broader financial stability. While the benefits of compliance are difficult to quantify, the Commission preliminarily believes that they flow predominantly from a reduced probability of covered clearing agency default.
The Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(3) would aid covered clearing agencies in implementing a systematic process to examine risks and assess the probability and impact of those risks.
Additionally, the proposed rule extends requirements under Rules 17Ad–22(d)(4) and 17Ad–22(d)(11) by requiring plans for recovery and wind-down.
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that all covered clearing agencies have an independent audit committee of the board and most covered clearing agencies already have some rules governing recovery and wind-down of clearing operations but have plans that vary in their degree of formality. As a result, the benefits and costs associated with these requirements will likely be limited to incremental changes associated with covered clearing agencies' review of their policies and procedures for recovery and wind-down and to registered clearing agencies that move into the set of covered clearing agencies.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4) would establish requirements for credit risk management by covered clearing agencies.
While requiring “cover two” for complex risk profile clearing agencies and for covered clearing agencies designated systemically important in multiple jurisdictions would place additional burdens on the affected clearing agencies, the Commission preliminarily believes that the requirement is appropriate because disruption to these entities due to member default carries relatively higher expected costs than for other covered clearing agencies. These relatively higher expected costs arise from the fact that covered clearing agencies designated systemically important in multiple jurisdictions are exposed to foreign financial markets and may serve as a conduit for the transmission of risk; for complex risk profile clearing agencies, high expected costs may arise from discrete jump-to-default price changes in the products they clear and higher correlations in the default risk of members.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(vi) and (vii) would also impose additional costs by requiring additional measures to be taken with respect to the testing of a covered clearing agency's financial resources and model validation of a covered clearing agency's credit risk models. These requirements do not currently exist as part of the standards applied to registered clearing agencies.
Frequent monitoring and stress testing of total financial resources, conforming model validations, and reporting of results of the monitoring and testing to appropriate personnel within the clearing agency could help rapidly identify any gaps in resources required to ensure stability, even in scenarios not anticipated on the basis of historical data. Moreover, the requirement to test and, when necessary, update the assumptions and parameters supporting models of credit risk will support the adjustment of covered clearing agency financial resources to changing financial conditions, and mitigate the risk that covered clearing agencies will strategically manage updates to their risk models in support of cost reduction or profit maximization.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(5) would require a covered clearing agency to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to limit the assets it accepts as collateral to those with low credit, liquidity, and market risks, and to set and enforce appropriately conservative haircuts and concentration limits. Collateral haircut and concentration limit models would be subject to a not-less-than-annual review of their sufficiency.
By focusing on the nature of assets and not on accounts, the Commission preliminarily believes the proposed rule may allow covered clearing agencies the ability to manage collateral more efficiently. In particular, under the proposed rule, a covered clearing agency would have the option of accepting collateral that is riskier than cash and holding this collateral at commercial banks, potentially increasing default risk exposure. On the other hand, the requirement to regularly review concentration limits and haircuts mitigates the risk that a covered clearing agency's collateral policies fail to respond to changing economic conditions. Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission understands that all registered clearing agencies that would meet the definition of a covered clearing agency already conform to the requirements under the proposed rule related to the nature of assets they may accept as collateral and the haircuts and concentration limits they apply to collateral assets, so the associated costs and benefits that would result from these requirements would apply only if registered clearing agencies not already in compliance were to become covered clearing agencies.
As a result of the proposed rule, these covered clearing agencies and registered clearing agencies that become covered clearing agencies may experience additional costs as a result of the proposed annual review requirements for the sufficiency of collateral haircut and concentration limit models. Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that many clearing agencies that require collateral would need to develop policies and procedures to review haircuts and concentration limits annually. Enforcement of the proposed haircut requirement would also require additional resources. A range of costs
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(6) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to require it to cover credit exposures using a risk-based margin system and to establish minimum standards for such a system. It would require these policies and procedures to cover daily collection of variation margin. The proposed rule also requires a set of policies and procedures generally designed to support a reliable margin system. Among these are policies and procedures to ensure the use of reliable price data sources and appropriate methods for measuring credit exposure, which could improve margin system accuracy. Finally, covered clearing agencies would be required to have policies and procedures related to the testing and verification of margin models.
Similar to proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4) and (7), covered clearing agencies that do not already engage in backtesting of margin resources at least once each day or engage in a monthly analysis of assumptions and parameters, as well as registered clearing agencies that enter into the set of covered clearing agencies in the future, may incur incremental compliance costs as a result of the proposed rule. Since margin plays a key role in clearing agency risk management, however, requiring that margin be periodically verified and modified as a result of changing market conditions may mitigate the risks posed by covered clearing agencies to financial markets in periods of financial stress. Further, periodic review of model specification and parameters reduces the likelihood that covered clearing agencies opportunistically update margin models in times of low volatility and fail to update margin models in times of high volatility. A range of costs for verification and modification of margin models is discussed in Part IV.C.3.a.iv(5). Further, since risk-based initial margin requirements may cause market participants to internalize some of the costs borne by the CCP as a result of large or risky positions,
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7) would require a covered clearing agency to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to effectively monitor, measure, and manage liquidity risk.
Enhanced liquidity risk management may produce additional benefits. Clearing members would face less uncertainty over whether a covered clearing agency has the liquidity resources necessary to make prompt payments which would reduce any need to hedge the risk of nonpayment. Potential benefits from enhanced liquidity risk management may also extend beyond members of covered clearing agencies or markets for centrally cleared and settled securities. Clearing members are often members of larger financial networks, and the ability of a covered clearing agency to meet payment obligations to its members can directly affect its members' ability to meet payment obligations outside of the cleared market. Thus, management of liquidity risk may mitigate the risk of contagion between asset markets.
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that some covered clearing agencies would need to create new policies and procedures, or update existing policies and procedures, to meet requirements under the various subsections of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7). These actions would entail compliance costs, as noted in Part III.B.2. Further, the Commission preliminarily believes that for some covered clearing agencies the proposed requirements would require them to establish new practices. The cost of adherence to the proposed rule would likely be passed on to market participants in cleared markets, as discussed in more detail below.
Under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i), a covered clearing agency would be required to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to require maintaining sufficient resources to achieve “cover one” for liquidity risk. This requirement mirrors the “cover one” requirement for credit risk in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(4)(iii). Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that many covered clearing agencies do not currently meet a “cover one” requirement for liquidity and thus will likely incur costs to comply with this proposed rule. As discussed earlier, whether covered clearing agencies choose to gather liquidity directly from members or instead choose to rely on third-party arrangements, the costs of liquidity may be passed on to other market participants, eventually increasing transaction costs.
Under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ii), a covered clearing agency would be required to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it meets the minimum liquidity resource requirement in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i) with qualifying liquid resources.
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that some covered clearing agencies currently do not meet the proposed liquidity requirements with qualifying liquid resources. As an alternative to the proposed rules, the Commission could have restricted the definition of qualifying liquid resources to assets held by covered clearing agencies. These covered clearing agencies and the markets they serve would benefit from the proposed minimum requirements for liquidity resources in terms of the reduced risk of liquidity shortfalls and associated contagion risks described above. However, qualifying liquid resources may be costly for covered clearing agencies to maintain on their own balance sheets. Such resources carry an opportunity cost. Assets held as cash are, by definition, not available for investment in less liquid assets that may be more productive uses of capital. This cost may ultimately be borne by clearing members who contribute liquid resources to covered clearing agencies to meet minimum requirements under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ii) and their customers.
The Commission notes that, under the proposed rules, covered clearing agencies have flexibility to meet their qualifying liquid resource requirements in a number of ways. In perfect capital markets, maintaining on-balance-sheet liquidity resources should be no more costly than entering into committed lines of credit or prearranged funding agreements backed by less-liquid assets that would allow these assets to be converted into cash. However, market frictions, such as search frictions, may enable banks to obtain liquidity at lower cost than other firms. In the presence of such frictions, obtaining liquidity using committed and uncommitted funding arrangements provided by banks may prove a less costly option for some covered clearing agencies than holding additional liquid resources on their balance sheets. In particular, the Commission preliminarily believes that requiring covered clearing agencies to enter into committed or uncommitted funding arrangements would decrease the costs that would be experienced by them in the event they sought to liquidate securities holdings during periods of market disruptions and increase the likelihood that they meet funding obligations to market participants by reducing the risk of delay in converting non-cash assets into cash.
The Commission notes that committed or uncommitted funding arrangements would only count towards minimum requirements to the extent that covered clearing agencies had securities available to post as collateral, so use of these facilities may require covered clearing agencies to require their members to contribute more securities. If these securities are costly for clearing members to supply, then additional required contributions to meet minimum requirements under proposed Rule proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ii) may impose burdens on clearing members and their customers. Similarly, prearranged funding arrangements may entail implicit costs to clearing members. Prearranged funding arrangements could impose costs on clearing members if they are obligated to contribute securities towards a collateral pool that the covered clearing agency would use to back borrowing. Alternatively, clearing members may be obligated under a covered clearing agency's rules to act as counterparties to repurchase agreements. Under the latter scenario, clearing members would bear costs associated with accepting securities in lieu of cash. Additionally, the Commission notes certain explicit costs specifically associated with these arrangements outlined below.
Counterparties to committed arrangements allowable under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(a)(15) charge covered clearing agencies a premium to provide firm liquidity commitments and additional out-of-pocket expenses will be incurred establishing and maintaining committed liquidity arrangements. The Commission preliminarily estimates that the total cost of committed funding arrangements will be approximately 30 basis points per year, including upfront fees, legal fees, commitment fees, and collateral agent fees.
A covered clearing agency may alternatively use a prearranged funding
Finally, covered clearing agencies that have access to routine credit at a central bank could meet the qualifying liquid resources requirement with assets that are pledgeable to a central bank. The Commission notes that this may represent the lowest cost option for covered clearing agencies, but understands that this latter provision would represent an advantage only if and when a covered clearing agency receives the benefit of access to routine central bank borrowing. The Commission anticipates that at such future time access to routine credit at a central bank would provide covered clearing agencies with additional flexibility with respect to resources used to comply with the liquidity risk management requirements of proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i) and (ii).
The total cost of maintaining qualifying liquid resources pursuant to proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i) and (ii) is composed of the cost of each liquidity source including assets held by covered clearing agencies, committed credit facilities and prearranged funding agreements, multiplied by the quantity of each of these liquidity sources held by covered clearing agencies. The Commission is unable to quantify the cost of cash held by clearing agencies and securities required to back credit facilities since such estimates would require detailed information about additional required contributions of clearing members under the proposed rules, as well as clearing members' best alternative to holding cash and securities.
Taking the sum of these current qualifying liquid resources over all covered clearing agencies and subtracting this from the sum of the “cover one” guaranty fund requirement over all covered clearing agencies results in the total shortfall relative to minimum requirements under proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i) and (ii). The Commission further assumed that covered clearing agencies would cover this shortfall using prearranged funding agreements backed by additional securities posted to guaranty funds by clearing members. Finally, the Commission multiplied the total prearranged funding amount by between 0.15% and 0.25% to arrive at a range of ongoing costs.
U.S. Treasury securities would not fall under the proposed definition of qualifying liquid resources. The Commission understands that U.S. Treasury markets represent some of the largest and most liquid markets in the world, see Part IV.B.3.f.ii, and that, in “flights to quality” and “flights to liquidity” in times of financial stress, U.S. Treasuries trade at a premium to other assets.
Taking the sum of these current qualifying liquid resources over all covered clearing agencies and subtracting this from the sum of cover one guaranty fund requirement over all covered clearing agencies results in the total shortfall relative to minimum requirements under proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(7)(i) and (ii) if U.S. government and agency securities were considered qualifying liquid resources. As above, the Commission further assumed that covered clearing agencies would cover this shortfall using prearranged funding agreements backed by additional securities posted to guaranty funds by clearing members and multiplied this amount by between 0.15% and 0.25% to arrive at a range of ongoing costs.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(iii) concerns access to accounts and services at a central bank, when available and where practical.
Proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(7)(iv) and (v) address relations between covered clearing agencies and their liquidity providers. The Commission preliminarily believes that a key benefit of these proposed rules would be an increased level of assurance that liquidity providers would be able to supply liquidity to covered clearing agencies on demand. Such assurance is especially important because of the possibility that covered clearing agencies may rely on outside liquidity providers to convert non-cash assets into cash using prearranged funding arrangements or committed facilities, pursuant to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ii) and the definition of qualifying liquid resources in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(a)(15). The required policies and procedures would ensure the covered clearing agency undertakes due diligence to confirm that it has a reasonable basis to believe each of its liquidity providers understand the liquidity risk borne by the liquidity provider, and that the liquidity provider would have the capacity to provide liquidity under commitments to the covered clearing agency. Finally, covered clearing agencies would be required, under the proposed rule, to maintain and test the covered clearing agency's procedures and operational capacity for accessing liquidity under their agreements. The Commission preliminarily believes that, besides the costs associated with new or updated policies and procedures discussed in Part III.B.2, covered clearing agencies and liquidity providers may experience costs associated with the proposed rules as a result of the requirement to test liquidity resources, such as, for example, fees associated with conducting test draws on a covered clearing agency's credit lines. Costs associated with ongoing monitoring and compliance related to testing are included in the Commission's estimate of quantifiable costs presented in Part IV.C.3.d.
Proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(7)(vi) and (vii) may impose costs on covered clearing agencies as a result of requirements for testing the sufficiency of liquidity resources and validating models used to measure liquidity risk. The testing and model validation requirements of these proposed rules are similar to requirements for testing and model validation for credit risk in proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4)(vi) and (vii), and the Commission preliminarily believes that these proposed rules would yield similar benefits. Frequent monitoring and testing liquidity resources could help rapidly identify any gaps in resources required to meet payment obligations. Moreover, the requirement to test and, when necessary, update the assumptions and parameters supporting models of liquidity risk will support the adjustment of covered clearing agency liquidity resources to changing financial conditions and mitigate the risk that covered clearing agencies will strategically manage updates to their liquidity risk models in support of cost-reduction or profit-maximization.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(viii) addresses liquidity shortfalls at a covered clearing agency, and the Commission preliminarily believes the proposed rule would reduce ambiguity related to settlement delays in the event of liquidity shocks. Among other things, by requiring procedures that seek to avoid delay of settlement payments, this proposed rule would require covered clearing agencies to address liquidity concerns in advance rather than relying on strategies of delaying accounts payable in the event of liquidity shocks. As discussed previously, effective liquidity risk management by covered clearing agencies that serves to eliminate uncertainty on the part of clearing members that payments by the covered clearing agency will be made on time may allow these clearing members to allocate their liquidity resources to more efficient uses than holding precautionary reserves.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(ix) would require a covered clearing agency to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to describe its process for replenishing any liquid resources that it may employ during a stress event.
Finally, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(x) would require a covered clearing agency that provides CCP services and is either systemically important in multiple jurisdictions or is a clearing agency involved in activities with a more complex risk profile to conduct a feasibility analysis for “cover two.”
Proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4) through (7) include requirements for covered clearing agencies to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to test and validate models related to financial risks. Covered clearing agencies may incur additional costs under expanded and more frequent testing of financial resources if the proposed requirements for testing and validation do not conform to practices currently used by covered clearing agencies.
Based on its supervisory experience and discussions with industry participants, the Commission preliminarily believes that startup costs to support testing and validation of credit risk, margin, and liquidity risk models at covered clearing agencies could fall in the range of $5 million to $25 million for each covered clearing agency. This range primarily reflects investments in information technology to process data already available to covered clearing agencies for stress testing and validation purposes. The range's width reflects differences in markets served by, as well as the scope of operations of, each covered clearing agency. Based on its supervisory experience and discussions with industry participants, the Commission estimates a lower bound of $1 million per year for ongoing costs related to testing of risk models.
Should each covered clearing agency choose to hire external consultants for the purposes of performing model validation required under proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4) and 17Ad–22(e)(7) through written policies and procedures, the Commission preliminarily estimates the ongoing cost associated with hiring such consultants would be approximately $4,388,160 in the aggregate.
The Commission previously estimated that ongoing costs associated with hiring external consultants to fulfill the requirements of Rule 17Ad–22(b)(4) would be approximately $3.9 million per year.
The Commission acknowledges that it could have, as an alternative, proposed rules that would require testing and validation of financial risk models at covered clearing agencies at different frequencies. For example, the Commission could have required backtesting of margin resources less frequently than daily. Such a policy could imply less frequent adjustments in margin levels that may result in over- or under-margining. The Commission preliminarily believes that the frequencies of testing and validation of financial risk models that it has proposed are appropriate given the risks faced by covered clearing agencies and current market practices related to frequency of meetings of risk management committees and boards of directors at covered clearing agencies.
Proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(8) through (10) require covered clearing agencies to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to address settlement risk. Many of the issues raised by settlement are similar to those raised by liquidity. Uncertainty in settlement may make it difficult for clearing members to fulfill their obligations to other market participants within their respective financial networks if they hold back precautionary reserves, as discussed above. Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that the benefits and costs for the majority of covered clearing agencies will likely be limited. Registered clearing agencies that enter into the set of covered clearing agencies in the future, by contrast, may bear more significant costs as a result of the enhanced standards.
Settlement finality is important to market participants for a number of reasons. Reversal of transactions can be costly to participants. For example, if transactions are reversed, buyers and sellers of securities may be exposed to additional market risk as they attempt to reestablish desired positions in cleared products. Similarly, reversal of transactions may render participants expecting to receive payment from the covered clearing agency unable to fulfill payment obligations to their counterparties, exposing these additional parties to the transmitted credit risk. Finally, settlement finality can help facilitate default management procedures by covered clearing agencies since they improve transparency of members' positions. Unless settlement finality is established by covered clearing agencies, market participants may attempt to hedge reversal risk for themselves. This could come at the cost of efficiency if it means that, on the margin, participants are less likely to use cleared products as collateral in other financial transactions.
In addition, settlement in central bank money, where available and determined to be practical by the board of directors of the covered clearing agency, as the proposed rules would require, greatly reduces settlement risk related to payment agents. Using central bank accounts to effect settlement rather than settlement banks removes a link from the intermediation chain associated with clearance and settlement. As a result, a covered clearing agency would be less exposed to the default risk of its settlement banks. In cases where settlement banks maintain links to other covered clearing agencies, for example as liquidity providers or as members, reducing exposure to settlement bank default risk may be particularly valuable.
As in the case of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(7)(iii), the Commission acknowledges there may be circumstances in which covered clearing agencies either do not have access to central bank account services or the use of such services is impractical. Accordingly, the Commission preliminarily believes it is appropriate to allow covered clearing agencies the flexibility to also use commercial bank account services to effect settlement, subject to a requirement that covered clearing agencies monitor and manage the risks associated with such arrangements.
CSDs play a key role in modern financial markets. For many issuers, many transactions in their securities
Paperless trade generally improves transactional efficiency. Book-entry transfer of securities may facilitate conditional settlement systems required by proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(12). For example, book-entry transfer in a delivery versus payment system allows securities to be credited to an account immediately upon debiting the account for the payment amount. Institutions and individuals may elect to no longer hold and exchange certificates that represent their ownership of securities. An early study showed that the creation of DTC resulted in a 30–35% reduction in the physical movement of certificates.
For markets to realize the transactional benefits of paperless trade, however, requires confidence that CSDs can correctly account for the number of securities in their custody and for the book entries that allocate these securities across participant accounts. In order to realize these benefits, the proposed rules also require covered CSDs to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure the integrity of securities issues, minimize the risks associated with transfer of securities, and protect assets against custody risk. Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that registered CSDs already have infrastructure in place to meet these requirements. However, CSDs may face incremental compliance costs in instances where they must modify their rules in order to implement appropriate controls. Compliance costs may be higher for potential new CSDs that are determined to be covered clearing agencies in the future.
Clearance and settlement of transactions between two parties to a trade involves an exchange of one obligation for another. Regarding transactions in securities, these claims can be securities or payments for securities. A particular risk associated with transactions is principal risk, which is the risk that only one obligation is successfully transferred between counterparties. For example, in a purchase of common stock, a party faces principal risk if, despite successfully paying the counterparty for the purchase, the counterparty may fail to deliver the shares.
The proposed requirements under Rule 17Ad–22(e)(12) are substantially the same as those in Rule 17Ad–22(d)(13).
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13) would require covered clearing agencies to have policies and procedures for participant default with additional specificity relative to current requirements for registered clearing agencies under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(11). In particular, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13) requires policies and procedures that address the allocation of credit losses that exceed default resources, repayment of liquidity providers, replenishment of financial resources, and testing and review of default procedures.
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes all covered clearing agencies currently test and review default procedures at least annually, so the costs of this requirement would apply only to registered clearing agencies that may enter into the set of covered clearing agencies in the future. Most covered clearing agencies, however, will be required to update their policies and procedures as a result of proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(13)(i) and (ii). Clearing members may experience benefits from proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13)(i), which requires covered clearing agencies to provide disclosure to members regarding the allocation of default losses when these losses exceed the level of financial resource it has available. As a result of this additional transparency, clearing members may experience an improved ability to manage their expectations of potential obligations against the covered clearing agency, which may increase the likelihood of orderly wind-downs in the event of member default. Crafting such allocation plans by covered clearing agencies may entail certain compliance costs, as previously discussed in Part III.D.5.a and as discussed further in Part IV.C.3.d. Further, covered clearing agencies may allocate default losses in a number of ways that may themselves have implications for participation, competition, and systemic risk.
As an alternative to the proposed rules, the Commission could have proposed more prescriptive requirements for default procedures at covered clearing agencies. The Commission preliminarily believes that differences in cleared assets and in the characteristics of clearing members supports allowing each covered clearing agency flexibility in choosing its own default procedures pursuant to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13).
In addition to loss allocation plans, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(13) contains new provisions related to the replenishment of financial resources and testing and review of default procedures that do not appear in Rule 17Ad–22(d)(11). The Commission preliminarily believes that proposed rules related to replenishment of financial resources may reduce the potential for systemic risk and contagion in cleared markets, as they
Segregation and portability of customer positions serves a number of useful purposes in cleared markets. In the normal course of business, the ability to efficiently identify and move an individual customer's positions and collateral between clearing members enables customers to easily terminate a relationship with one clearing member and initiate a relationship with another. This may facilitate competition between clearing members by ensuring customers are free to move their accounts from one clearing member to another based on their preferences, without being unduly limited by operational barriers.
Segregation and portability may be especially important in the event of participant default. By requiring that customer collateral and positions remain segregated, covered clearing agencies can facilitate, in the event of a clearing member's insolvency, the recovery of customer collateral and the movement of customer positions to one or more other clearing members. Further, portability of customer positions may facilitate the orderly wind down of a defaulting member if customer positions may be moved to a non-defaulting member. Porting of positions in a default scenario may yield benefits for customers if the alternative is closing-out positions at one clearing member and reestablishing them at another clearing member. The latter strategy would cause customers to bear transactions costs, which might be especially high in times of financial stress.
The Commission notes that, in its preliminary view, these proposed rules are flexible in their approach to implementing segregation and portability requirements. The most efficient means of implementing these requirements may depend on the products that a covered clearing agency clears as well as other business practices at a covered clearing agency. For example, a clearing agency's decision whether or not to collect margin on a gross or net basis may bear on its decision to port customer positions and collateral on an individual or omnibus basis, and while an individual account structure may provide a higher degree of protection from a default by another customer, it may be operationally and resource intensive for a covered clearing to implement and may reduce the efficiency of its operations.
As a result, the costs and benefits of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(14) will depend on specific rules implemented by covered clearing agencies as well as how much these rules differ from current practice. Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that the current practices at covered clearing agencies to which the proposed rule would apply already meets segregation requirements under the proposed rule, so any costs and benefits for covered clearing agencies would flow from implementing portability requirements, though it potentially raises a barrier to entry for security-based swap clearing agencies or clearing agencies involved in activities with a more complex risk profile that seek to become covered clearing agencies.
While proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(4) and 17Ad–22(e)(7) require that covered clearing agencies have policies and procedures reasonably designed to address credit risk and liquidity risk, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15) requires that covered clearing agencies have policies and procedures reasonably designed to address general business risk. The Commission preliminarily believes that general business losses experienced by covered clearing agencies represent a distinct risk to cleared markets, given limited competition and specialization of clearing agencies. In this regard, the loss of clearing services due to general business losses would likely result in major market disruption. The proposed rule requires a covered clearing agency to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to mitigate the risk that business losses result in the disruption of clearing services. Under these policies and procedures covered clearing agencies would hold sufficient liquid resources funded by equity to cover potential general business losses, which at a minimum would constitute six months of operating expenses. The Commission preliminarily believes that the benefits of such policies and procedures would flow primarily from covered clearing agencies that would be required to increase their holdings of liquid net assets funded by equity, enabling them to sustain their operations for sufficient time and achieve orderly wind-down if such action is eventually necessary.
The Commission could have proposed a higher or lower minimum level of resources, for example, corresponding to one quarter of operating expenses or one year of operating expenses. The Commission preliminarily believes, however, that the rules, as proposed, afford covered clearing agencies sufficient flexibility in determining the level of resources to hold while maintaining a minimum standard that supports continued operations in the event of general business losses. As another alternative, the Commission could have allowed covered clearing agencies additional flexibility in determine the nature of the financial resources held to mitigate the effects of general business risk or the means by which these resources are funded. The Commission preliminarily believes, however, that by specifying that these resources be liquid in nature, the proposed rule would limit any delays by covered clearing agencies that suffer business losses from paying expenses required for continued operations. Additionally, by specifically requiring that a covered clearing agency draw liquid net resources from members as equity capital, the proposed rules may also encourage members to more closely monitor the business operations of a covered clearing agency, which may reduce the likelihood of losses.
Based on its supervisory experience Commission preliminarily believes that certain covered clearing agencies would be required to establish and maintain policies and procedures providing for specified levels of equity capital and higher levels of liquid net assets than they would in the absence of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15).
Table 2 identifies cash and cash equivalents as liquid assets and averages this over the same five-year period. A key shortcoming of using publicly available financial data is the difficulty in determining how much of a firm's cash and cash equivalents are funded by either equity or liabilities, or both. To this end, the Commission considered two different cases.
Absent market frictions, a change in capital structure should have no effect on the value of a covered clearing agency.
To estimate these costs, the Commission applied the capital asset pricing model to observed returns for CME and ICE, two clearing agencies that have publicly-traded equity outstanding.
The Commission calculated this data using Daily/Monthly U.S. Stock Files © 2012 Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP), The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, and Thomson Reuters Datastream.
Clearing agencies that issue equity in order to satisfy the new requirements would additionally face costs related to issuance. The Commission preliminarily recognizes that the cost of maintaining additional equity resembles an insurance premium against the losses associated by market disruption in the absence of clearing services.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(16) requires a covered clearing agency to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to safeguard both their own assets as well as the assets of participants, broadening the requirement applicable to registered clearing agencies in Rule 17Ad–22(d)(3) to the protection of participants' assets.
The Commission preliminarily believes that this may have benefits in terms of protecting against systemic risk, to the extent that covered clearing agencies to this point have treated their own assets differently by applying greater safeguards to those assets than with respect to assets of their members and members' clients. Protection of member assets is important to cleared markets because, for example, the assets of a member in default serve as margin and represent liquidity supplies that a covered clearing agency may access to cover losses. If covered clearing agencies can quickly access these liquidity sources, they may be able to limit losses to non-defaulting members.
Participants may benefit from proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(16) in other ways. Requiring a covered clearing agency's policies and procedures to safeguard its assets and participant assets and to invest in assets with minimal credit, liquidity, and market risk may reduce uncertainty in the value of participant assets and participants' exposure to mutualized losses. This may allow participants to deploy their own capital more efficiently. Furthermore, easy access to their own capital enables members to more freely terminate their participation in covered clearing agencies.
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that current practices at covered clearing agencies meet the requirements under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(16) in most cases, so the additional costs and benefits flowing from these requirements would be generally limited to registered clearing agencies that may enter the set of covered clearing agencies in the future.
Because, as noted above, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(17) would require substantially the same set of policies and procedures as Rule 17Ad–22(d)(4),
As discussed earlier, covered clearing agencies play an important role in the markets they serve. They often enjoy a central place in financial networks that enables risk sharing, but may also enable them to serve as conduits for the transmission of risk throughout the financial system. Proposed Rules (18) through (20) require covered clearing agencies to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to explicitly consider and manage the risks associated with the particular characteristics of their network of direct members, the broader community of customers, and other parties that rely on the services provided by the covered clearing agencies or other partners that the covered clearing agency is connected to through relevant linkages. The Commission preliminarily believes that these efforts carry benefits insofar as they reduce the extent to which covered clearing agencies may impose negative externalities on financial markets.
As economies of scale contribute to the business dynamics of clearing and settlement, there is often only one clearing agency or a small number of clearing agencies for a particular class of security. Consequently, membership in a clearing agency may influence competitive dynamics between members and indirect participants, such as intermediaries, in cleared markets. Members and indirect participants may compete for the same set of customers, but indirect participants must have relationships with members to access clearing services. Members, therefore, may have incentives in place to extract economic rents from indirect participants by imposing higher fees or restricting access to clearing services.
Permitting fair and open access to clearing agencies and their services may promote competition among market participants and may result in lower costs and efficient clearing and settlement services. Open access to clearing agencies may reduce the likelihood that credit and liquidity risk become concentrated among a small number of clearing members, each of which retain a large number of indirect participants through tiered arrangements. Further, links between clearing agencies may facilitate risk management across multiple security classes and improve the efficiency of collateral arrangements.
While fair and open access to clearing agencies may promote competition and enhance the efficiency of clearing and settlement services, these improvements should not come at the expense of prudent risk management. The soundness of clearing members contributes directly to the soundness of a clearing agency and mutualization of losses within clearing agencies expose each clearing member to the default risk of every other clearing member. Accordingly, it is important for clearing agencies to control and effectively manage the risks to which they are exposed by their direct and indirect participants by establishing risk-related requirements for participation.
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that current practices among most covered clearing agencies involve a mix of objective financial and business requirements stipulated in publicly-available rulebooks and discretion exercised by the covered clearing agency. As a result and based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that some changes to policies and procedures at covered clearing agencies may be required under the proposed rule.
The Commission preliminarily believes that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(19) may improve covered clearing agencies' ability to manage its exposure to market participants that are not clearing members, but access payment, clearing, or settlement facilities through their relationships with clearing members. A covered clearing agency that is able to effectively manage its exposure to its members but fails to identify, monitor, and manage its exposures to non-member firms may overlook dependencies that are critical to the stability of cleared markets. This is particularly true if indirect participants in the covered clearing agency are large and might potentially precipitate the default of one or more direct members.
The data necessary to compute summary statistics that would be helpful in quantifying the costs and benefits of the proposed rule, including those that would indicate the size of indirect participants and the volume of transactions in which they are involved,
The Commission is sensitive to the fact that indirect participants play a key role in maintaining competition in markets for intermediation of trading in securities insofar as they offer investors a broader choice of intermediaries to deal with in centrally cleared and settled securities markets. If elements of policies and procedures under this rule make indirect participation marginally more costly, then transactions costs for investors may increase.
Links between clearing agencies and their members are only one way that clearing agencies interface with the financial system. A clearing agency may also establish links with other clearing agencies and FMUs through a set of contractual and operational arrangements. For a clearing agency, the primary purpose of establishing a link would be to expand its clearing and settlement services to additional financial instruments, markets, and institutions. Established links among clearing agencies and FMUs may enable direct and indirect market participants to have access to a broader spectrum of clearing and settlement services.
Sound linkages between clearing agencies that provide CCP services may also provide their customers with more efficient collateral arrangements and cross-margining benefits. Cross-margining potentially relaxes liquidity constraints in the financial system by reducing total required margin collateral. Resources that would otherwise be posted as margin may be allocated to more productive investment opportunities.
A clearing agency that establishes a link or multiple links may also impose costs on participants in markets it clears by indirectly exposing them to systemic risk from linked entities. The Commission acknowledges that clearing agencies that form linkages may be exposed to additional risks, including credit and liquidity risks, as a consequence of these links. Links may, however, produce benefits for members to the extent that diversification and hedging across their combined portfolio reduces their margin requirements. At the same time, because such an agreement requires the linked clearing agencies to each guarantee cross-margining participants' obligations to the other clearing agency, cross-margining potentially exposes members of one clearing agency to default risk from members of the other.
By requiring that covered clearing agencies have policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify, monitor, and manage risks related to any link, proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(20), like Rule 17Ad–22(d)(7), reduces the likelihood that such links serve as channels for systemic risk transmission. Because proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(20) differs only marginally from Rule 17Ad–22(d)(7), the Commission preliminarily believes that the costs and benefits flowing from the proposed rule will be incremental, to the extent that the additional specificity in proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(20) causes covered clearing agencies to modify current practices. The Commission has aggregated these costs below.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(21) would impose on covered clearing agencies requirements in addition to those currently applied to registered clearing agencies under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(6) by also requiring covered clearing agencies to have policies and procedures that ensure that a covered clearing agency's management review efficiency and effectiveness in four key areas:
• Efficiency and effectiveness in clearing and settlement arrangements may reduce participants' transaction costs and enhance liquidity by reducing the amount of collateral that customers must provide for transactions and the opportunity cost associated with providing such collateral. Where appropriate, net settlement arrangements can reduce collateral requirements. Similarly, clearing arrangements that include a broad scope of products enable clearing members to take advantage of netting efficiencies across positions.
• Efficient and effective operating structures, including risk management policies, procedures, and systems, may reduce the likelihood of failures that may lead to impairment of a clearing agency's capacity to complete settlement and interfering with its ability to monitor and manage credit exposures.
• An efficient scope of products that a clearing agency clears, settles, or records may provide its participants and customers with more efficient collateral arrangements and cross-margining benefits that ultimately reduce transaction costs and improve liquidity in cleared markets.
• Efficient and effective use of technology and communication procedures facilitates effective payment, clearing and settlement, and recordkeeping.
The Commission preliminarily believes that requirements related to efficient operation of covered clearing agencies are appropriate given the market power enjoyed by these entities, as discussed in Part IV.C.1.d. Limited competition in the market for clearing services may blunt incentives for covered clearing agencies to cost effectively provide high quality services to market participants in the absence of regulation.
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that some covered clearing agencies would be required to make updates to their policies and procedures as a result of the proposed rule. As a result, the Commission expects incremental costs and benefits to flow from the proposed rule only to the extent that this additional specificity causes covered clearing agencies to modify current practices.
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that some changes to policies and procedures would be necessary to meet requirements under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(22).
Enhanced disclosure may also improve the efficiency of transactions in cleared products and improve financial stability more generally by improving the ability of members of covered clearing agencies to manage risks and assess costs. Additional information would reduce the potential for uncertainty on the part of clearing members regarding their obligations to covered clearing agencies. Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23) requires a covered clearing agency to establish, implement, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to require specific disclosures. As in Rules 17Ad–22(d)(9) and (11), covered clearing agencies would be required under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23) to disclose default procedures to the public and disclose sufficient information to participants to allow them to manage the risks, fees, and other material costs associated with membership.
Under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23), a covered clearing agency must establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to update, on a biannual basis, public disclosures that describe the covered clearing agency's market and activities, along with information about the agency's legal, governance, risk management, and operating frameworks, including specifically covering material changes since the last disclosure, a general background on the covered clearing agency, a rule-by-rule summary of compliance with proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(1) through (22), and an executive summary. The proposed rule adds a new requirement, relative to existing requirements for registered clearing agencies under Rule 17Ad–22(d)(9), to update the disclosure biannually and to include, among other things, specific data elements, including details about system design and operations, transaction values and volumes, average intraday exposure to participants, and statistics on operational reliability.
Additional transparency may have benefits for participants and cleared markets more generally. For example, if information about the systems that support a covered clearing agency is public, investors may be more certain that the market served by this agency is less prone to disruption and more accommodating of trade. Furthermore, public disclosure of detailed operating data may facilitate evaluation of each covered clearing agency's operating record by market participants. Further, under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23)(iv), these disclosures would be made about specific categories that potentially facilitate comparisons between covered clearing agencies. Additional availability of information on operations may increase the likelihood that clearing agencies compete to win market share from participants that value operational stability. This additional market discipline may provide additional incentives for covered clearing agencies to maintain reliability. Finally, updating the public disclosure every two years or more frequently following certain changes as required pursuant to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(23)(v) would support the benefits of enhanced public disclosures by ensuring that information provided to the public remains up-to-date. The Commission preliminarily believes this would reduce the likelihood that market participants are forced to evaluate covered clearing agencies on the basis of stale data.
Clearing members, in particular, may benefit from additional disclosure of risk management and governance arrangements. These details potentially have significant bearing on clearing members' risk management because they may remove uncertainty surrounding members' potential obligations to a covered clearing agency. In certain circumstances, additional disclosures may reveal to members that the expected costs of membership exceed the expected benefits of membership, and that exit from the clearing agency may be privately optimal. In addition to the costs of concentration among members discussed in earlier sections, the Commission also recognizes the potential for systemic benefits from termination. Member exit on the basis of more precise information may reduce the risk posed to other financial market participants by members who, given additional information, might prefer to terminate their membership, due to an inability to manage the risks to which a covered clearing agency exposes them. While exit from clearing agencies may have consequences for competition among clearing members, the Commission preliminarily believes that encouraging the participation of firms that are not able to bear the risks of membership is not an appropriate means of mitigating the effects of market power on participants in cleared markets.
Based on its supervisory experience, the Commission preliminarily believes that some covered clearing agencies will require changes to policies and procedures as a result of the proposed rules. Compliance costs associated with changes to policies and procedures, biannual review and disclosure of additional data are included in implementation costs, below.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) would subject covered clearing agencies to requirements that are in many instances more specific than requirements under Rule 17Ad–22(d) and in some cases produce new obligations to establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to test, report, and disclose key elements of a covered clearing agency's performance, risk management, and operations.
Proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 provides procedures for the Commission to determine on its own initiative, or upon voluntary application by a registered clearing agency, whether a registered clearing agency is a covered clearing agency and therefore is subject to proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e). It also provides procedures for the Commission to determine whether a covered clearing agency is systemically important in multiple jurisdictions or has a complex risk profile and therefore should be subject to stricter risk management standards under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e).
Proposed Rule 17Ab2–2(a) provides procedures for the Commission to determine whether a registered clearing agency that is otherwise not a designated clearing agency or a complex risk profile clearing agency is a covered clearing agency on the basis of the products it clears or other characteristics the Commission may deem appropriate under the circumstances. While the Commission preliminarily believes the current scope of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) is appropriate,
Proposed Rule 17Ab2–2(b) includes criteria the Commission may consider in determining whether a covered clearing agency is systemically important in multiple jurisdictions. Two of these criteria are based on input from a set of other bodies comprised of FSOC and regulators in other jurisdictions. As a result, it is possible that the flow of costs and benefits from proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) may be partially determined by the decisions of other regulatory bodies.
Proposed Rule 17Ab2–2(c), by contrast, suggests characteristics of the financial products that a clearing agency clears as a basis upon which the Commission may determine that a clearing agency's activity has a complex risk profile.
The impact of proposed rules that determine the application of enhanced requirements could have direct costs on registered clearing agencies in the form of legal or consulting costs incurred as a result of seeking a determination from the Commission. In instances where these clearing agencies choose to apply to the Commission for status as a covered clearing agency under proposed Rule 17Ab2–2(a), the Commission preliminarily believes that a registered clearing agency's voluntary application would suggest that the applicant's private benefits from regulation under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) justify its costs.
Quantifiable costs related to determinations under proposed Rule a17Ab2–2 are noted in Part IV.C.3.d.
Indirect effects of the determination process may have important economic effects on the ultimate volume of clearing activity, beyond the economic effects of the proposed requirements themselves. An important feature of proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 is providing transparency for the determinations process. On one hand, transparency may allow clearing agencies to plan for new obligations under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e); on the other, transparency may allow clearing agencies to restructure their business to avoid falling within the scope of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e).
To the extent that proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e), if adopted as proposed, may increase costs relative to their peers for covered clearing agencies, clearing agencies whose activities have a more complex risk profile, and clearing agencies systemically important in multiple jurisdictions, clearing agencies may have incentives to restructure their businesses strategically to avoid these Commission determinations or otherwise exit any services made prohibitively expensive by such determinations. Such potential consequential effects would be among the considerations for the Commission to review in connection with any specific decision under proposed Rule 17Ab2–2. Restructuring may involve spinning off business lines into separate entities, limiting the scope of clearing activities to certain markets, or limiting the scale of clearing activities within a single market.
Any one of these responses could result in inefficiencies. As suggested in Part IV.C.2.b, registered clearing agencies may incur costs as a result of attempts to restructure. Clearing agencies that break up along product lines or fail to consolidate when consolidation is efficient may fail to take advantage of economies of scope and result in inefficient use of collateral.
Proposed Rule 17Ad–22(f) includes a provision that specifies Commission authority over designated clearing agencies for which it is the supervisory agency. Since this provision codifies existing statutory authority, the Commission does not anticipate any economic effects from this proposed rule.
As discussed above, the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 would impose certain costs on covered clearing agencies. As discussed in Part IV.C.3.a.ii, if a covered clearing agency is required to recruit new directors, the Commission preliminarily estimates a cost per director of $73,000.
In addition, proposed Rules 17Ad–22(e)(3), (4), (6), (7), (15) and (21) all include elements of review by either a covered clearing agency's board or its management on an ongoing basis. The Commission preliminarily estimates the cost of ongoing review for these proposed rules at approximately $39,312 per year.
For a new entrant into the set of covered clearing agencies from the set of registered clearing agencies, the Commission preliminarily estimates the startup compliance costs associated with policies and procedures to be $592,215,
A benefit of the proposed rules that the Commission is able to quantify is the impact of QCCP status of OCC to non-U.S. bank clearing members at OCC. This benefit comes as a result of lower capital requirements against exposures to QCCPs relative to non-qualifying CCPs. In Part IV.C.1.e, the Commission provided an estimate of the upper bound of this benefit, $600 million per year, or 0.60% of the aggregate 2012 net income reported by bank clearing members at OCC. The Commission preliminarily believes that the actual benefits flowing from QCCP status would likely be higher due to benefits for foreign bank members of FICC and ICEEU, in addition to the benefits with respect to OCC discussed above.
The Commission preliminarily believes that the proposed rules will result in an increase in financial stability insofar as they result in minimum standards at covered clearing agencies that are higher than those standards implied by current practices at covered clearing agencies. Some of this increased stability may come as a result of lower activity as the proposed rules cause participants to internalize a greater proportion of the costs that their activity imposes on the financial system, reducing the costs of default, conditional on a default event occurring. Increased stability may also come as a result of higher risk management standards at covered clearing agencies that effectively lower the probability that either covered clearing agencies or their members default.
The Commission preliminarily believes that clearance and settlement of securities and security-based swaps is fundamental to the stability of financial markets. As discussed above, clearing agencies may not fully consider the costs they could impose on financial market participants.
The Commission generally requests comment about its preliminary analysis of the economic effects of the proposed rules and any qualitative and quantitative data that would facilitate an evaluation and assessment of the economic effects of this proposal. In addition, the Commission requests comment on the following specific issues:
• Has the Commission appropriately identified the relevant costs and benefits associated with each requirement under proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)? Why or why not?
• Are there any provisions of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) for which the costs of enhanced risk management standards appear inappropriate relative to the benefits of such standards, particularly given existing requirements under Rule 17Ad–22(d)? Please explain.
• Would particular provisions of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) improve or diminish competition between covered clearing agencies? Which provisions are likely to have such effects and through what transmission channels?
• Would the scope of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) have implications for competition between covered clearing agencies and registered clearing agencies that are not covered clearing agencies?
• Would particular provisions of proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e) improve or diminish competition between members of covered clearing agencies? Are there any provisions that would allow a subset of members to compete on better terms than other members?
• How would the effects of QCCP status will be allocated across members? Can market participants provide any qualitative or quantitative data to help the Commission evaluate the effects of QCCP status on clearing members and any heterogeneity in trade exposures and default fund exposures to covered clearing agencies across bank and non-bank clearing members?
• Would bank clearing members to be constrained by the Basel III capital requirements? Do bank clearing members typically target tier one or total capital ratios as a business practice?
• In areas where existing requirements under Rule 17Ad–22(d) could be viewed as being consistent with the PFMI, and so could potentially earn QCCP status for covered clearing
• Does the Commission's proposed definition of qualifying liquid resources adequately reflect the ability with which covered clearing agency assets may be used to meet funding obligations? Has the Commission adequately assessed the costs and benefits of requiring funding arrangements before considering non-cash resources “qualifying”?
• What would be the potential costs and benefits of requiring covered clearing agencies to hold liquid net assets in accordance with proposed Rule 17Ad–22(e)(15)? Can you provide qualitative and quantitative data to aid the Commission in evaluating these potential costs and benefits?
• Has the Commission adequately assessed the risks posed by indirect participation at covered clearing agencies? Can you provide qualitative and quantitative data to aid the Commission in evaluating the level of indirect participation in cleared markets, the heterogeneity of indirect participation across clearing members and the implications for networks of exposures in cleared markets?
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (“RFA”) requires the Commission, in promulgating rules, to consider the impact of those rules on small entities.
The proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 would apply to covered clearing agencies, which would include registered clearing agencies that are designated clearing agencies, complex risk profile clearing agencies, or clearing agencies that otherwise have been determined to be covered clearing agencies by the Commission. For the purposes of Commission rulemaking and as applicable to the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and proposed Rule 17Ab2–2, a small entity includes, when used with reference to a clearing agency, a clearing agency that (i) compared, cleared, and settled less than $500 million in securities transactions during the preceding fiscal year, (ii) had less than $200 million of funds and securities in its custody or control at all times during the preceding fiscal year (or at any time that it has been in business, if shorter), and (iii) is not affiliated with any person (other than a natural person) that is not a small business or small organization.
Based on the Commission's existing information about the clearing agencies currently registered with the Commission,
In addition, OCC cleared more than 4 billion contracts and held margin of $78.8 billion at the end of 2012.
For the reasons described above, the Commission certifies that the proposed amendments to Rule 17Ad–22 and proposed Rule 17Ab2–2 would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities for purposes of the RFA. The Commission requests comment regarding this certification. The Commission requests that commenters describe the nature of any impact on small entities, including clearing agencies and counterparties to security and security-based swap transactions, and provide empirical data to support the extent of the impact.
Under the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996,
Pursuant to the Exchange Act, particularly Section 17A thereof, 15 U.S.C. 78q–1, and Section 805 of the Clearing Supervision Act, 12 U.S.C. 5464, the Commission proposes to amend Rule 17Ad–22 and proposes new Rule 17Ab2–2.
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Securities.
In accordance with the foregoing, Title 17, Chapter II of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as follows:
15 U.S.C. 77c, 77d, 77g, 77j, 77s, 77z–2, 77z–3, 77eee, 77ggg, 77nnn, 77sss, 77ttt, 78d, 78e, 78f, 78g, 78i, 78j, 78j–1, 78k, 78k–1, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78n–1, 78
Section 240.17Ad–22 is also issued under 12 U.S.C. 5461
(a) The Commission may, if it deems appropriate, upon application by any clearing agency or member of a clearing agency, or on its own initiative, determine whether a registered clearing agency should be considered a covered clearing agency. In determining whether a clearing agency should be considered a covered clearing agency, the Commission may consider:
(1) Characteristics such as the clearing of financial instruments that are characterized by discrete jump-to-default price changes or that are highly correlated with potential participant defaults; or
(2) Such other characteristics as it deems appropriate in the circumstances.
(b) The Commission may, if it deems appropriate, upon application by any clearing agency or member of a clearing agency, or on its own initiative, determine whether a covered clearing agency is systemically important in multiple jurisdictions. In determining whether a covered clearing agency is systemically important in multiple jurisdictions, the Commission may consider:
(1) Whether the covered clearing agency is a designated clearing agency;
(2) Whether the clearing agency has been determined to be systemically important by one or more jurisdictions other than the United States through a process that includes consideration of whether the foreseeable effects of a failure or disruption of the designated clearing agency could threaten the stability of each relevant jurisdiction's financial system; or
(3) Such other factors as it may deem appropriate in the circumstances.
(c) The Commission may, if it deems appropriate, determine whether any of the activities of a clearing agency providing central counterparty services, in addition to clearing agencies registered with the Commission for the purpose of clearing security-based swaps, have a more complex risk profile. In determining whether a clearing agency's activity has a more complex risk profile, the Commission may consider:
(1) Characteristics such as the clearing of financial instruments that are characterized by discrete jump-to-default price changes or that are highly correlated with potential participant defaults; or
(2) Such other characteristics as it deems appropriate in the circumstances, as factors supporting a finding of a more complex risk profile.
(d) The Commission shall publish notice of its intention to consider making a determination under paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, together with a brief statement of the grounds under consideration therefor, and provide at least a 30-day public comment period prior to any such determination, giving all interested persons an opportunity to submit written data, views, and arguments concerning such proposed determination. The Commission may provide the clearing agency subject to the proposed determination opportunity for hearing regarding the proposed determination.
(e) Notice of determinations under paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section shall be given by prompt publication thereof, together with a statement of written reasons therefor.
(f) For purposes of this rule, the terms
The revisions and additions read as follows:
(a)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(i) Provides central counterparty services for security-based swaps;
(ii) Has been determined by the Commission to be involved in activities with a more complex risk profile at the time of its initial registration; or
(iii) Is subsequently determined by the Commission to be involved in activities with a more complex risk profile pursuant to § 240.17Ab2–2(c).
(5)
(6)
(i) Considers the impact on the model of both moderate and extreme changes in a wide range of inputs, parameters, and assumptions, including correlations of price movements or returns if relevant, which reflect a variety of historical and hypothetical market conditions. Sensitivity analysis must use actual and hypothetical portfolios that reflect the characteristics of proprietary positions and, where applicable, customer positions;
(ii) When performed by or on behalf of a covered clearing agency involved in activities with a more complex risk profile, considers the most volatile relevant periods, where practical, that
(iii) Tests the sensitivity of the model to stressed market conditions, including the market conditions that may ensue after the default of a member and other extreme but plausible conditions as defined in a covered clearing agency's risk policies.
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(i) Cash held either at the central bank of issue or at creditworthy commercial banks;
(ii) Assets that are readily available and convertible into cash through prearranged funding arrangements without material adverse change provisions, such as:
(A) Committed arrangements, including:
(
(
(
(B) Other prearranged funding arrangements determined to be highly reliable even in extreme but plausible market conditions by the board of directors of the covered clearing agency following a review conducted for this purpose not less than annually; and
(iii) Other assets that are readily available and eligible for pledging to (or conducting other appropriate forms of transactions with) a relevant central bank, if the covered clearing agency has access to routine credit at such central bank that permits said pledges or other transactions by the covered clearing agency.
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(d) Each registered clearing agency that is not a covered clearing agency shall establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to, as applicable:
(e) Each covered clearing agency shall establish, implement, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to, as applicable:
(1) Provide for a well-founded, clear, transparent, and enforceable legal basis for each aspect of its activities in all relevant jurisdictions.
(2) Provide for governance arrangements that:
(i) Are clear and transparent;
(ii) Clearly prioritize the safety and efficiency of the covered clearing agency;
(iii) Support the public interest requirements in Section 17A of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78q–1) applicable to clearing agencies, and the objectives of owners and participants; and
(iv) Establish that the board of directors and senior management have appropriate experience and skills to discharge their duties and responsibilities.
(3) Maintain a sound risk management framework for comprehensively managing legal, credit, liquidity, operational, general business, investment, custody, and other risks that arise in or are borne by the covered clearing agency, which:
(i) Includes risk management policies, procedures, and systems designed to identify, measure, monitor, and manage the range of risks that arise in or are borne by the covered clearing agency, that are subject to review on a specified periodic basis and approved by the board of directors annually;
(ii) Includes plans for the recovery and orderly wind-down of the covered clearing agency necessitated by credit losses, liquidity shortfalls, losses from general business risk, or any other losses;
(iii) Provides risk management and internal audit personnel with sufficient authority, resources, independence from management, and access to the board of directors;
(iv) Provides risk management and internal audit personnel with a direct reporting line to, and oversight by, a risk management committee and an audit committee of the board of directors, respectively; and
(v) Provides for an independent audit committee.
(4) Effectively identify, measure, monitor, and manage its credit exposures to participants and those arising from its payment, clearing, and settlement processes, including by:
(i) Maintaining sufficient financial resources to cover its credit exposure to each participant fully with a high degree of confidence;
(ii) To the extent not already maintained pursuant to paragraph (e)(4)(i) of this section, for a covered clearing agency providing central counterparty services that is either systemically important in multiple jurisdictions or a clearing agency involved in activities with a more complex risk profile, maintaining additional financial resources at the minimum to enable it to cover a wide range of foreseeable stress scenarios that include, but are not limited to, the default of the two participant families that would potentially cause the largest aggregate credit exposure for the covered clearing agency in extreme but plausible market conditions;
(iii) To the extent not already maintained pursuant to paragraph (e)(4)(i) of this section, for a covered clearing agency not subject to paragraph (e)(4)(ii) of this section, maintaining additional financial resources at the minimum to enable it to cover a wide range of foreseeable stress scenarios that include, but are not limited to, the default of the participant family that would potentially cause the largest aggregate credit exposure for the covered clearing agency in extreme but plausible market conditions;
(iv) Including prefunded financial resources, excluding assessments for additional guaranty fund contributions or other resources that are not prefunded, when calculating the financial resources available to meet the standards under paragraphs (e)(4)(i) through (iii) of this section, as applicable;
(v) Maintaining the financial resources required under paragraphs (e)(4)(i) through (iii) of this section, as applicable, in combined or separately maintained clearing or guaranty funds;
(vi) Testing the sufficiency of its total financial resources available to meet the minimum financial resource requirements under paragraphs (e)(4)(i) through (iii) of this section, as applicable, by:
(A) Conducting a stress test of its total financial resources once each day using standard predetermined parameters and assumptions;
(B) Conducting a comprehensive analysis on at least a monthly basis of the existing stress testing scenarios, models, and underlying parameters and assumptions, and considering modifications to ensure they are appropriate for determining the covered clearing agency's required level of default protection in light of current and evolving market conditions;
(C) Conducting a comprehensive analysis of stress testing scenarios, models, and underlying parameters and assumptions more frequently than monthly when the products cleared or markets served display high volatility or become less liquid, and when the size or concentration of positions held by the covered clearing agency's participants increases significantly; and
(D) Reporting the results of its analyses under paragraphs (e)(4)(iv)(B) and (C) of this section to appropriate decision makers at the covered clearing agency, including but not limited to, its risk management committee or board of directors, and using these results to evaluate the adequacy of and adjust its margin methodology, model parameters, models used to generate clearing or guaranty fund requirements, and any other relevant aspects of its credit risk management framework, in supporting compliance with the minimum financial resources requirements set forth in paragraphs (e)(4)(i) through (iii) of this section; and
(vii) Performing a conforming model validation for its credit risk models to be performed not less than annually or more frequently as may be contemplated by the covered clearing agency's risk management framework established pursuant to paragraph (e)(3) of this section.
(5) Limit the assets it accepts as collateral to those with low credit, liquidity, and market risks, and set and enforce appropriately conservative haircuts and concentration limits if the covered clearing agency requires collateral to manage its or its participants' credit exposure; and require a review of the sufficiency of its collateral haircuts and concentration limits to be performed not less than annually.
(6) Cover, if the covered clearing agency provides central counterparty services, its credit exposures to its participants by establishing a risk-based margin system that, at a minimum:
(i) Considers, and produces margin levels commensurate with, the risks and particular attributes of each relevant product, portfolio, and market;
(ii) Marks participant positions to market and collects margin, including variation margin or equivalent charges if relevant, at least daily and includes the authority and operational capacity to make intraday margin calls in defined circumstances;
(iii) Calculates margin sufficient to cover its potential future exposure to participants in the interval between the last margin collection and the close out of positions following a participant default;
(iv) Uses reliable sources of timely price data and procedures and sound valuation models for addressing circumstances in which pricing data are not readily available or reliable;
(v) Uses an appropriate method for measuring credit exposure that accounts for relevant product risk factors and portfolio effects across products;
(vi) Is monitored by management on an ongoing basis and regularly reviewed, tested, and verified by:
(A) Conducting backtests of its margin resources at least once each day using standard predetermined parameters and assumptions;
(B) Conducting a conforming sensitivity analysis of its margin resources and its parameters and assumptions for backtesting on at least a monthly basis, and considering modifications to ensure the backtesting practices are appropriate for determining the adequacy of the covered clearing agency's margin resources;
(C) Conducting a conforming sensitivity analysis of its margin resources and its parameters and assumptions for backtesting more frequently than monthly during periods of time when the products cleared or markets served display high volatility or become less liquid, and when the size or concentration of positions held by the covered clearing agency's participants increases or decreases significantly; and
(D) Reporting the results of its analyses under paragraphs (e)(6)(vi)(B) and (C) of this section to appropriate decision makers at the covered clearing agency, including but not limited to, its risk management committee or board of directors, and using these results to evaluate the adequacy of and adjust its margin methodology, model parameters, and any other relevant aspects of its credit risk management framework; and
(vii) Requires a conforming model validation for the covered clearing agency's margin system and related models to be performed not less than annually, or more frequently as may be contemplated by the covered clearing agency's risk management framework established pursuant to paragraph (e)(3) of this section.
(7) Effectively measure, monitor, and manage the liquidity risk that arises in or is borne by the covered clearing agency, including measuring, monitoring, and managing its settlement and funding flows on an ongoing and timely basis, and its use of intraday liquidity by, at a minimum, doing the following:
(i) Maintaining sufficient liquid resources at the minimum in all relevant currencies to effect same-day and, where appropriate, intraday and multiday settlement of payment obligations with a high degree of confidence under a wide range of foreseeable stress scenarios that includes, but is not limited to, the default of the participant family that would generate the largest aggregate payment obligation for the covered clearing agency in extreme but plausible market conditions;
(ii) Holding qualifying liquid resources sufficient to meet the minimum liquidity resource requirement under paragraph (e)(7)(i) of this section in each relevant currency for which the covered clearing agency has payment obligations owed to clearing members;
(iii) Using the access to accounts and services at a Federal Reserve Bank, pursuant to Section 806(a) of the Payment, Clearing, and Settlement Supervision Act of 2010 (12 U.S.C. 5465(a)), or other relevant central bank, when available and where determined to be practical by the board of directors of the covered clearing agency, to enhance its management of liquidity risk;
(iv) Undertaking due diligence to confirm that it has a reasonable basis to believe each of its liquidity providers, whether or not such liquidity provider is a clearing member, has:
(A) Sufficient information to understand and manage the liquidity provider's liquidity risks; and
(B) The capacity to perform as required under its commitments to provide liquidity to the covered clearing agency;
(v) Maintaining and testing with each liquidity provider, to the extent practicable, the covered clearing agency's procedures and operational capacity for accessing each type of relevant liquidity resource under paragraph (e)(7)(i) of this section at least annually;
(vi) Determining the amount and regularly testing the sufficiency of the liquid resources held for purposes of meeting the minimum liquid resource requirement under paragraph (e)(7)(i) of this section by, at a minimum:
(A) Conducting a stress test of its liquidity resources at least once each day using standard and predetermined parameters and assumptions;
(B) Conducting a comprehensive analysis on at least a monthly basis of the existing stress testing scenarios, models, and underlying parameters and assumptions used in evaluating liquidity needs and resources, and considering modifications to ensure they are appropriate for determining the clearing agency's identified liquidity needs and resources in light of current and evolving market conditions;
(C) Conducting a comprehensive analysis of the scenarios, models, and underlying parameters and assumptions used in evaluating liquidity needs and resources more frequently than monthly when the products cleared or markets served display high volatility, become less liquid, when the size or concentration of positions held by the clearing agency's participants increases significantly and in other appropriate circumstances described in such policies and procedures; and
(D) Reporting the results of its analyses under paragraphs (e)(6)(vii)(B) and (C) of this section to appropriate decision makers at the covered clearing agency, including but not limited to, its risk management committee or board of directors, and using these results to evaluate the adequacy of and adjust its liquidity risk management methodology, model parameters, and any other relevant aspects of its credit risk management framework;
(vii) Performing a conforming model validation of its liquidity risk models not less than annually or more frequently as may be contemplated by the covered clearing agency's risk management framework established pursuant to paragraph (e)(3) of this section;
(viii) Addressing foreseeable liquidity shortfalls that would not be covered by the covered clearing agency's liquid resources and seek to avoid unwinding, revoking, or delaying the same-day settlement of payment obligations;
(ix) Describing the covered clearing agency's process to replenish any liquid resources that the clearing agency may employ during a stress event; and
(x) Undertaking an analysis at least once a year that evaluates the feasibility of maintaining sufficient liquid resources at a minimum in all relevant currencies to effect same-day and, where appropriate, intraday and multiday settlement of payment obligations with a high degree of confidence under a wide range of foreseeable stress scenarios that includes, but is not limited to, the default of the two participant families that would potentially cause the largest aggregate payment obligation for the covered clearing agency in extreme but plausible market conditions if the covered clearing agency provides central counterparty services and is either systemically important in multiple jurisdictions or a clearing agency involved in activities with a more complex risk profile.
(8) Define the point at which settlement is final no later than the end of the day on which the payment or obligation is due and, where necessary or appropriate, intraday or in real time.
(9) Conduct its money settlements in central bank money, where available and determined to be practical by the board of directors of the covered clearing agency, and minimize and manage credit and liquidity risk arising from conducting its money settlements in commercial bank money if central bank money is not used by the covered clearing agency.
(10) Establish and maintain transparent written standards that state its obligations with respect to the delivery of physical instruments, and establish and maintain operational practices that identify, monitor, and manage the risks associated with such physical deliveries.
(11) When the covered clearing agency provides central securities depository services:
(i) Maintain securities in an immobilized or dematerialized form for their transfer by book entry, ensure the integrity of securities issues, and minimize and manage the risks associated with the safekeeping and transfer of securities;
(ii) Implement internal auditing and other controls to safeguard the rights of securities issuers and holders and prevent the unauthorized creation or deletion of securities, and conduct periodic and at least daily reconciliation of securities issues it maintains; and
(iii) Protect assets against custody risk through appropriate rules and procedures consistent with relevant laws, rules, and regulations in jurisdictions where it operates.
(12) Eliminate principal risk by conditioning the final settlement of one obligation upon the final settlement of the other, regardless of whether the covered clearing agency settles on a
(13) Ensure the covered clearing agency has the authority and operational capacity to take timely action to contain losses and liquidity demands and continue to meet its obligations by, at a minimum, doing the following:
(i) Addressing allocation of credit losses the covered clearing agency may face if its collateral and other resources are insufficient to fully cover its credit exposures, including the repayment of any funds the covered clearing agency may borrow from liquidity providers;
(ii) Describing the covered clearing agency's process to replenish any financial resources it may use following a default or other event in which use of such resources is contemplated; and
(iii) Requiring the covered clearing agency's participants and, when practicable, other stakeholders to participate in the testing and review of its default procedures, including any close-out procedures, at least annually and following material changes thereto.
(14) Enable, when the covered clearing agency provides central counterparty services for security-based swaps or engages in activities that the Commission has determined to have a more complex risk profile, the segregation and portability of positions of a participant's customers and the collateral provided to the covered clearing agency with respect to those positions and effectively protect such positions and related collateral from the default or insolvency of that participant.
(15) Identify, monitor, and manage the covered clearing agency's general business risk and hold sufficient liquid net assets funded by equity to cover potential general business losses so that the covered clearing agency can continue operations and services as a going concern if those losses materialize, including by:
(i) Determining the amount of liquid net assets funded by equity based upon its general business risk profile and the length of time required to achieve a recovery or orderly wind-down, as appropriate, of its critical operations and services if such action is taken;
(ii) Holding liquid net assets funded by equity equal to the greater of either (x) six months of the covered clearing agency's current operating expenses, or (y) the amount determined by the board of directors to be sufficient to ensure a recovery or orderly wind-down of critical operations and services of the covered clearing agency, as contemplated by the plans established under paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section, and which:
(A) Shall be in addition to resources held to cover participant defaults or other risks covered under the credit risk standard in paragraph (b)(3) or paragraphs (e)(4)(i) through (iii) of this section, as applicable, and the liquidity risk standard in paragraphs (e)(7)(i) and (ii) of this section; and
(B) Shall be of high quality and sufficiently liquid to allow the covered clearing agency to meet its current and projected operating expenses under a range of scenarios, including in adverse market conditions; and
(iii) Maintaining a viable plan, approved by the board of directors and updated at least annually, for raising additional equity should its equity fall close to or below the amount required under paragraph (e)(15)(ii) of this section.
(16) Safeguard the covered clearing agency's own and its participants' assets, minimize the risk of loss and delay in access to these assets, and invest such assets in instruments with minimal credit, market, and liquidity risks.
(17) Manage the covered clearing agency's operational risks by:
(i) Identifying the plausible sources of operational risk, both internal and external, and mitigating their impact through the use of appropriate systems, policies, procedures, and controls;
(ii) Establishing and maintaining policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that systems have a high degree of security, resiliency, operational reliability, and adequate, scalable capacity; and
(iii) Establishing and maintaining a business continuity plan that addresses events posing a significant risk of disrupting operations.
(18) Establish objective, risk-based, and publicly disclosed criteria for participation, which permit fair and open access by direct and, where relevant, indirect participants and other financial market utilities, require participants to have sufficient financial resources and robust operational capacity to meet obligations arising from participation in the clearing agency, and monitor compliance with such participation requirements on an ongoing basis.
(19) Identify, monitor, and manage the material risks to the covered clearing agency arising from arrangements in which firms that are indirect participants in the covered clearing agency rely on the services provided by direct participants to access the covered clearing agency's payment, clearing, or settlement facilities.
(20) Identify, monitor, and manage risks related to any link the covered clearing agency establishes with one or more other clearing agencies, financial market utilities, or trading markets.
(21) Be efficient and effective in meeting the requirements of its participants and the markets it serves, and have the covered clearing agency's management regularly review the efficiency and effectiveness of its:
(i) Clearing and settlement arrangements;
(ii) Operating structure, including risk management policies, procedures, and systems;
(iii) Scope of products cleared, settled, or recorded; and
(iv) Use of technology and communication procedures.
(22) Use, or at a minimum accommodate, relevant internationally accepted communication procedures and standards in order to facilitate efficient payment, clearing, and settlement.
(23) Maintain clear and comprehensive rules and procedures that provide for the following:
(i) Publicly disclosing all relevant rules and material procedures, including key aspects of its default rules and procedures;
(ii) Providing sufficient information to enable participants to identify and evaluate the risks, fees, and other material costs they incur by participating in the covered clearing agency;
(iii) Publicly disclosing relevant basic data on transaction volume and values;
(iv) Providing a comprehensive public disclosure of its material rules, policies, and procedures regarding governance arrangements and legal, financial, and operational risk management, accurate in all material respects at the time of publication, that includes:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(
(
(
(D)
(v) Updating the public disclosure under paragraph (e)(23)(iv) of this section every two years, or more frequently following changes to its system or the environment in which it operates to the extent necessary to ensure statements previously provided under paragraph (e)(23)(iv) of this section remain accurate in all material respects.
(f) For purposes of enforcing the Payment, Clearing, and Settlement Supervision Act of 2010 (12 U.S.C. 5461
By the Commission.